Efecto del trabajo de fuerza controlado con dinamometría electromecánica funcional sobre el gasto energético

Abstract

Force training controlled with functional electromechanical dynamometry is key to evaluating and improving physical performance and rehabilitation, allowing for precise strength assessment to develop effective and personalized training programs. However, there are gaps in the scientific literature regarding its use in different training contexts. Energy expenditure is essential for understanding the metabolic demands of exercise and its impact on health and performance. Evaluating energy expenditure during various training protocols optimizes exercise prescription. Additionally, biological and physiological differences between men and women in their responses to strength training require detailed investigation to design more suitable and effective programs. Objective: The main objective of this thesis was to determine the effect of strength training controlled with functional electromechanical dynamometry on energy expenditure, assess the reliability of the measurement methods used, and investigate the differences in physiological responses between men and women during squat training. Method: The research was structured into five specific studies, the last four focusing on evaluating different variables during two different squat training protocols (30 repetitions at 50 % of 1RM and 12 repetitions at 75 % of 1RM). Study 1 consisted of a systematic review and meta-analysis on the test-retest reliability of indirect calorimetry and accelerometry to measure energy expenditure during physical exercise. Study 2 evaluated 28 participants to determine the test-retest reliability of the functional electromechanical dynamometer. Study 3 compared energy expenditure during squat training between men and women, analyzing how body mass index influenced energy expenditure in both sexes using two squat protocols. Study 4 analyzed energy expenditure, oxygen volume, heart rate, and speed during squat training in 13 men and 16 women. Finally, Study 5 evaluated lactate production in relation to physical activity levels during squat training, investigating how lactate production varied according to previous physical activity levels and differences between men and women. Results: Indirect calorimetry proved to be more reliable than accelerometry for measuring energy expenditure, especially in healthy subjects. Functional electromechanical dynamometry showed high reliability in measuring variables during squat exercise. Men had higher energy expenditure than women during and after training, influenced by body mass index. Additionally, significant differences were observed in energy expenditure, oxygen volume, heart rate, and speed according to exercise intensity. Lactate production also varied significantly according to previous physical activity levels, with notable differences between men and women. Conclusion: The thesis demonstrates that functional electromechanical dynamometry is a reliable tool for measuring energy expenditure and physiological variables during strength training. Significant differences between men and women were identified, highlighting the need for personalized training programs. These findings improve the understanding of the impact of training on energy expenditure and provide a solid basis for optimizing exercise prescription, enhancing sports performance and general health.