Mesoporous silica nanoparticles targeting tumor microenvironment as a tool for breast cancer treatment

Abstract

Most of the breast cancer therapies currently used in the clinical practice are focused on targeting tumor cells. Nevertheless, new advances in the immunology field uncovered the main role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor modulation. Specifically, cancer-associated fibroblasts play an important role in tumor progression, tumor immunity modulation, and therapy resistance. Hence, this Ph.D. thesis entitled "Mesoporous silica nanoparticles targeting tumor microenvironment as a tool for breast cancer treatment" is focused on the design of a nanodevice targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts and on the evaluation of its potential as a new therapeutic strategy for breast cancer treatment. A nanoparticle was designed and synthesized using mesoporous silica nanoparticles as support, loaded with doxorubicin, and functionalized with a FAP-alpha ligand peptide (NP-FAP-DOX). NP-FAP-DOX's characterization showed controlled cargo release and an in vitro nontoxic profile. The in vitro studies evaluated the nanoparticle efficacy to target FAP-allpha, cellular cytotoxicity, and tumor penetration in breast cancer cell lines, cancer-associated fibroblasts derived from triple-negative breast cancer patient biopsies, and breast cancer patient-derived organoids. These studies probed that the NP-FAP-DOX efficiently targeted and produced a cytotoxic effect in breast cancer cells with FAP-alpha positive expression as well as in cancer-associated fibroblasts. Moreover, the NP-FAP-DOX presented good penetration efficiency in patient-derived organoids, while maintaining the targeting and cytotoxic effect in this 3D model. Finally, the NP-FAP-DOX's in vivo efficacy was evaluated in a murine triple-negative breast cancer model. The NP-FAP-DOX showed a tumor-targeting ability and effective drug delivery, resulting in an in vivo antitumoral effect. Moreover, the NP-FAP-DOX in vivo treatment efficiently targeted and depleted cancer-associated fibroblasts, leading to tumor microenvironment re-modulation and activation of tumor immune response. Specifically, this treatment promoted lymphocyte infiltration, increased the percentage of natural killer cells, and decreased the M2-like macrophages leading to an increased M1/M2 ratio in tumors. Besides, the nanoparticles improved the therapeutic and safety profile of the free drug, preventing doxorubicin-induced cardio and systemic toxicity. Overall, these results demonstrated the potential of the designed nanodevices as a new targeted drug delivery system for breast cancer treatment. These nanoparticles can improve drug delivery efficacy, overcome adverse side effects, and enhance therapy efficacy through the modulation of the tumor microenvironment.