El papel de los profesionales de enfermería en el adulto mayor y en el anciano con factores de riesgo asociados a la COVID-19

  1. ANDRÉS REDONDO TÉBAR 1
  2. SALVADOR POSTIGO MOTA coord. 2
  1. 1 Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha.
  2. 2 Universidad de Sevilla. / Universidad de Barcelona. / Universidad de Extremadura.
Journal:
Revista ROL de enfermería

ISSN: 0210-5020

Year of publication: 2021

Volume: 44

Issue: 6

Pages: 53-63

Type: Article

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR

More publications in: Revista ROL de enfermería

Abstract

COVID-19 is a new disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, which already has more than 71.5 million cases and more than 1.6 million deaths worldwide. Worldwide, there are more than 702 million people more than 65 years old, who have a high probability of having at least one chronic disease. Age and the existence of certain comorbidities have been identified as risk factors directly related to the worsening of COVID-19, the need for hospitalisation and even death. Among the most prevalent co-morbidities in older people, respiratory disease is the most predictive of severe disease with the worst outcome, followed by hypertension. Furthermore, regarding the signs and symptoms, the older adult and the elderly can present typical, non-specific and/or atypical symptoms, so the COVID-19 do not follow any established pattern in this age population. Therefore, prevention, control, and follow-up, as well as care and attention to this population require special attention from the nursing professionals. The aim of this article is to provide key information for the care of older adults and the elderly with COVID-19, since age has been strongly established as a direct and exponentially related risk factor in the population over 65 years old. In addition, based on the existing literature, to establish prevention guidelines, as well as attention and nursing care for the older adult and the elderly with COVID-19.

Bibliographic References

  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control: an agency of the European Union. COVID-19 situation update worldwide, as of 14 December 2020. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases. Published 2020. Accessed December 15, 2020.
  • Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. Mortality analyses. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data/mortality. Accessed December 15, 2020.
  • United Nations Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. World Population Ageing 2019: Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/430).; 2019. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2019-Highlights.pdf.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. People at Increased Risk. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/. Accessed December 3, 2020.
  • COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines (Last Updated: December 03, 2020). National Institutes of Health. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/. Accessed December 4, 2020.
  • Bonanad C, García-Blas S, Tarazona-Santabalbina F, et al. The Effect of Age on Mortality in Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis With 611,583 Subjects. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21(7):915-918. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2020.05.045
  • Clark A, Jit M, Warren-Gash C, et al. Global, regional, and national estimates of the population at increased risk of severe COVID-19 due to underlying health conditions in 2020: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Heal. 2020;8(8):e1003-e1017. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30264-3
  • Zhou Y, Yang Q, Chi J, et al. Comorbidities and the risk of severe or fatal outcomes associated with coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;99:47-56. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.029
  • Chen Y, Guo Y, Pan Y, Zhao ZJ. Structure analysis of the receptor binding of 2019-nCoV. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020;525(1):135-140. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.071
  • Neumann-Podczaska A, Al-Saad SR, Karbowski LM, Chojnicki M, Tobis S, Wieczorowska-Tobis K. COVID 19 – Clinical Picture in the Elderly Population: A Qualitative Systematic Review. Aging Dis. 2020;11(4):988. doi:10.14336/AD.2020.0620
  • Xu G, Ye M, Zhao J, Liu F, Ma W. New view on older adults with COVID-19: comments on “SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in older adults: what we may expect regarding pathogenesis, immune responses, and outcomes.” GeroScience. 2020;42(5):1225-1227. doi:10.1007/s11357-020-00232-x
  • Shahid Z, Kalayanamitra R, McClafferty B, et al. COVID‐19 and Older Adults: What We Know. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68(5):926-929. doi:10.1111/jgs.16472
  • Nikolich-Zugich J, Knox KS, Rios CT, Natt B, Bhattacharya D, Fain MJ. SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in older adults: what we may expect regarding pathogenesis, immune responses, and outcomes. GeroScience. 2020;42(2):505-514. doi:10.1007/s11357-020-00186-0
  • Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, et al. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2020;395(10242):1973-1987. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31142-9
  • World Health Organization. Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines.https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/novel-coronavirus-landscape-covid-19-(3).pdf?sfvrsn=9c18d69c_7&download=true. Published December 8, 2020.
  • Corum J, Grady D, Wee S-L, Zimmer C. Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html. Published 2020. Accessed December 9, 2020.
  • Ministerio de Sanidad de España. Vacunas COVID-19. Vacunas candidatas europeas frente al SARS-CoV-2. https://www.mscbs.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/prevPromocion/vacunaciones/covid19/vacunasCovid19.htm. Published November 2020. Accessed December 9, 2020.
  • Voysey M, Clemens SAC, Madhi SA, et al. Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. Lancet. December 2020. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32661-1
  • Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting. Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine. https://www.fda.gov/media/144245/download. Published 2020. Accessed December 10, 2020.
  • Herper M. Moderna to submit Covid-19 vaccine to FDA as full results show 94% efficacy. https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/30/moderna-covid-19-vaccine-full-results/. Accessed December 5, 2020.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/index.html. Accessed December 6, 2020.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Older adults. At greater risk of requiring hospitalizacion or or dying if diagnosed with COVID-19. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/older-adults.html. Accessed December 5, 2020.
  • World Health Organization. Protect yourself and others from the spread COVID-19. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public. Published 2020. Accessed December 5, 2020.
  • World Health Organization. Older people & COVID-19. https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/covid-19. Accessed December 1, 2020.
  • Healthing Aging. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Unique to Older Adults. https://www.healthinaging.org/a-z-topic/covid19. Accessed December 1, 2020.
  • Ruiz Muñoz E. COVID-19 y personas mayores. Algunos aspectos preventivos. Rev ROL Enferm. 2020;43(7-8):529-539. https://e-rol.es/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/COVID-19-y-personas-mayores.pdf.
  • Recio-Saucedo A, Dall’Ora C, Maruotti A, et al. What impact does nursing care left undone have on patient outcomes? Review of the literature. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(11-12):2248-2259. doi:10.1111/jocn.14058
  • Aiken LH, Sloane DM, Bruyneel L, et al. Nurse staffing and education and hospital mortality in nine European countries: a retrospective observational study. Lancet. 2014;383(9931):1824-1830. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62631-8
  • Ball JE, Murrells T, Rafferty AM, Morrow E, Griffiths P. ‘Care left undone’ during nursing shifts: associations with workload and perceived quality of care. BMJ Qual Saf. 2014;23(2):116-125. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2012-001767
  • Hinkle JL, Cheever KH. Educación para la salud y promoción de la salud. In: Brunner y Suddarth Enfermería Medicoquirúrgica. 14a ed. Barcelona, España: Wolters Kluwer; 2019.
  • Abellán García A, Aceituno Nieto P, Pérez Díaz J, Ramiro Fariñas D, Ayala García A, Pujol Rodríguez R. Un Perfil de Las Personas Mayores En España, 2019. Indicadores Estadísticos Básicos. Madrid; 2019.
  • Chaudhry R, Dranitsaris G, Mubashir T, Bartoszko J, Riazi S. A country level analysis measuring the impact of government actions, country preparedness and socioeconomic factors on COVID-19 mortality and related health outcomes. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;25:100464. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100464
  • The Lancet. COVID-19: a new lens for non-communicable diseases. Lancet. 2020;396(10252):649. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31856-0
  • Healthcare improvement Scotland. COVID-19 Position Statement: Presentation and Management of COVID-19 in Older People in Acute Care.; 2020.
  • Zhou J, Huang L, Chen J, et al. Clinical features predicting mortality risk in older patients with COVID-19. Curr Med Res Opin. 2020;36(11):1753-1759. doi:10.1080/03007995.2020.1825365
  • The Lancet. Facing up to long COVID. Lancet. 2020;396(10266):1861. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32662-3
  • Agencia española de medicamentos y productos Sanitarios. Tratamientos disponibles sujetos a condiciones especiales de acceso para el manejo de la infección respiratoria por SARS-CoV-2. 2020. https://www.aemps.gob.es/la-aemps/ultima-informacion-de-la-aemps-acerca-del-covid-19/tratamientos-disponibles-para-el-manejo-de-la-infeccion-respiratoria-por-sars-cov-2/. Accessed December 2, 2020.
  • Hinkle JL, Cheever KH. Valoración nutricional y de salud en adultos. In: Brunner y Suddarth Enfermería Medicoquirúrgica. 14a ed. Barcelona, España: Wolters Kluwer; 2019.
  • Hinkle JL, Cheever KH. Principios y prácticas de rehabilitación. In: Brunner y Suddarth Enfermería Medicoquirúrgica. 14a ed. Barcelona, España: Wolters Kluwer; 2019.
  • Hinkle JL, Cheever KH. Tratamiento de pacientes con alteraciones torácicas y de las vías respiratorias inferiores. In: Brunner y Suddarth Enfermería Medicoquirúrgica. 14a ed. Barcelona, España: Wolters Kluwer; 2019.
  • Bentlage E, Ammar A, How D, et al. Practical Recommendations for Maintaining Active Lifestyle during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Literature Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(17):6265. doi:10.3390/ijerph17176265
  • Ammar A, Brach M, Trabelsi K, et al. Effects of COVID-19 Home Confinement on Eating Behaviour and Physical Activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 International Online Survey. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1583. doi:10.3390/nu12061583
  • Chhetri JK, Chan P, Arai H, et al. Prevention of COVID-19 in Older Adults: A Brief Guidance from the International Association for Gerontology and Geriatrics (IAGG) Asia/Oceania Region. J Nutr Health Aging. 2020;24(5):471-472. doi:10.1007/s12603-020-1359-7
  • Redondo-Tébar A. El paciente con diabetes y COVID-19 (in press). Rev ROL Enferm. 2020.
  • Ministerio de Sanidad de España. Guía de Actuación Para Personas Con Condiciones de Salud Crónicas y Personas Mayores En Situación de Confinamiento. Estado de Alarma Por COVID-19.; 2020. https://www.mscbs.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov/documentos/CRONICOS20200403.pdf.
Data source: Dialnet