Métodos de evaluación de la edificación sostenibleadaptación al cambio climático y estrategias de implantación

Résumé

Since the advent of the first sustainable building assessment method (SBAM), Transient System Simulation Tool (TRYNNS), many very different methods have been developed to assess the sustainability of buildings. However, significant challenges have hampered the implementation of these instruments. On the one hand, the complexity of the assessment and the absence of a common framework of criteria across countries creates uncertainty in comparing sustainable buildings with each other. On the other hand, concerns regarding the high upfront capital costs of sustainable building in the long term and the lack of fiscal, financial and governmental instruments for implementing sustainability criteria create a dilemma for stakeholders. Furthermore, due to the demonstrated changes in climate, these methods must consider the consequences over the lifetime of the building. Although SBAMs have been widely studied, the wide range of factors influencing climate change adaptation, implementation strategies and the consequences for increased sustainable building development have not yet been studied in depth. Consequently, the main objective of this research is to gain an in-depth understanding of existing SBAMs and their capacity to adapt to climate change and develop strategies to facilitate their implementation. The scientific evolution of sustainable building and SBAMs are analysed, existing methods are studied and compared, and the bases for the development of strategies aimed at facilitating and promoting their implementation are identified and laid. The results obtained show a scientific field in constant evolution, from its initial focus on environmental impacts to the gradual inclusion of social and economic aspects of sustainability. Furthermore, they show that each of the individual methods does not assess all building variables. These results are conclusive in the experts' positive assessment of Level(s), a new framework established by the European Commission on building adapted to the circular economic paradigm. Level(s) are identified as the complete method to date, highlighting factors such as its response to the need to adapt buildings to climate change, its standard reference language and its use in multiple situations. For this reason, key strategies for the implementation of Level(s) are established, including identifying the effect of climate change on buildings and identifying incentives for the promotion of sustainable building and their evaluation. Furthermore, it is highlighted that the current lack of regulations on the adaptation of buildings to climate change results in an obsolete building stock, which is unable to cope with the climate dynamism that is already occurring. It is concluded that the results obtained in this work are a valuable contribution to all stakeholders, as they provide experts in the building field with a comprehensive view of the status quo and predict dynamic directions for future research.