Versión española de la Escala de Sensación de Poder General
- Guillermo B. Willis
- Hugo Carretero-dios
- Rosa Rodríguez-Bailón
- Katerina Petkanopoulou
ISSN: 0213-4748, 1579-3680
Year of publication: 2016
Volume: 31
Issue: 3
Pages: 570-587
Type: Article
More publications in: International Journal of Social Psychology, Revista de Psicología Social
Abstract
In this paper we present the development of the Spanish version of the Generalized Sense of Power Scale — individuals’ perception about their ability to influence others. After examining evidence of content validity, in two studies we investigated the psychometric properties of the Generalized Sense of Power Scale (GSPS) and its relationship with other theoretically related variables. In Study 1, we found through an exploratory factor analysis that the factorial structure of the GSPS presents two differentiated factors: sense of soft power and sense of harsh power. In Study 2, a confirmatory factor analysis replicated this finding, and we also found the expected correlations between these two factors and other theoretically related variables. Furthermore, we found that these two factors showed adequate internal consistency in both studies. All in all, our results suggest that the Spanish version of the GSPS is an instrument that is able to measure the generalized sense of power.
Funding information
Funders
-
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
- PSI2013-45678-P
Bibliographic References
- Acosta-Uribe, B. (2005). La adaptación al español del inventario de autogobierno para su uso en México y España (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Universidad de Granada, España.
- Anderson, C., John, O. P., & Keltner, D. (2012). The personal sense of power. Journal of Personality, 80, 313–344. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00734.x , , ,
- Anderson, C., Spataro, S. E., & Flynn, F. J. (2008). Personality and organizational culture as determinants of influence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 702–710. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.702 , , ,
- APA, AERA, & NCME. (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: AERA.
- Atienza, F. L., Moreno, Y., & Balaguer, I. (2000). Análisis de la dimensionalidad de la Escala en una muestra de adolescentes valencianos. Revista de Psicología Universitas Tarraconensis, 22, 29–42.
- Bañuelos, A. L., Descals, F. J. P., & Tomás, E. A. (2008). Escala de aspiraciones de control y responsabilidad: Adaptación española y su relación con la iniciativa personal. Psicothema, 20, 249–253. , ,
- Briñol, P., Valle, C., & Becerra, A. (2008). El efecto del poder sobre la confianza en los propios pensamientos. In J. F. Morales, C. Huici, E. Gaviria, & A. Gómez (Eds.), Método, teoría e investigación en Psicología Social (pp. 662–685). Madrid: Pearson Prentice Hall.
- Bugental, D. B., & Lewis, J. C. (1999). The paradoxical misuse of power by those who see themselves as powerless: How does it happen? Journal of Social Issues, 55, 51–64. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00104 ,
- Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1999). NEO PI: Inventario de Personalidad NEO Revisado. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
- Delgado-Rico, E., Carretero-Dios, H., & Ruch, W. (2012). Content validity evidences in test development: An applied perspective. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 12, 449–460. ,
- Fiske, S. T. (1993). Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping. American Psychologist, 48, 621–628. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.6.621 , , ,
- Galinsky, A. D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Magee, J. C. (2003). From power to action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 453–466. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.453 , , ,
- Galinsky, A. D., Magee, J. C., Inesi, M. E., & Gruenfeld, D. H. (2006). Power and perspectives not taken. Psychological Science, 17, 1068–1074. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01824.x , , ,
- García, A. M. P. (1984). Dimensionalidad del constructo locus of control. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada, 39, 471–488.
- Guinote, A. (2007a). Power affects basic cognition: Increased attentional inhibition and flexibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 685–697. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.06.008 ,
- Guinote, A. (2007b). Power and goal pursuit. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1076–1087. doi:10.1177/0146167207301011 , , ,
- Hofstede, G. (2013). Dimensions of national cultures. Retrived from http://www.geerthofstede.nl/dimensions-of-national-cultures
- Hoogervorst, N., De Cremer, D., van Dijke, M., & Mayer, D. M. (2012). When do leaders sacrifice? The effects of sense of power and belongingness on leader self-sacrifice. The Leadership Quarterly, 23, 883–896. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.05.006 ,
- Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179–185. doi:10.1007/BF02289447 , , ,
- Kaplan, D. (2000). Structural equation modeling: Foundations and extensions. Thousand Oakes, CA: SAGE.
- Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Anderson, C. (2003). Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological Review, 110, 265–284. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.110.2.265 , , ,
- Kipnis, D. (1984). The use of power in organizations and in interpersonal settings. Applied Social Psychology Annual, 5, 179–210.
- Kuhl, J., & Fuhrmann, A. (1998). Decomposing self-regulation and self-control: The volitional components inventory. In J. Heckhausen & C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Motivation and self-regulation across the life span (pp. 15–49). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ,
- Lammers, J., Galinsky, A. D., Gordijn, E. H., & Otten, S. (2012). Power increases social distance. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 282–290. doi:10.1177/1948550611418679 ,
- Lammers, J., & Maner, J. (2015). Power and attraction to the counternormative aspects of infidelity. Journal of Sex Research. doi:10.1080/00224499.2014.989483 , ,
- Petkanopoulou, K., Willis, G. B., & Rodríguez-Bailón, R. (2012). Controlling others and controlling oneself: Social power and emotion suppression. Revista de Psicología Social, 27, 305–316. doi:10.1174/021347412802845586 , ,
- Raven, B. H., Schwarzwald, J., & Koslowsky, M. (1998). Conceptualizing and measuring a power/Interaction model of interpersonal influence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 307–332. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01708.x ,
- Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ,
- Schwarzer, R., & Baessler, J. (1996). Evaluación de la autoeficacia: Adaptación española de la Escala de Autoeficacia general. Ansiedad y Estrés, 2, 1–8.
- Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (2001). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Suárez, P. S., García, A. M. P., & Moreno, J. B. (2000). Escala de autoeficacia general: Datos psicométricos de la adaptación para población española. Psicothema, 12, 509–513.
- van der Toorn, J., Feinberg, M., Jost, J. T., Kay, A. C., Tyler, T. R., Willer, R., & Wilmuth, C. (2015). A sense of powerlessness fosters system justification: Implications for the legitimation of authority, hierarchy, and government. Political Psychology, 36, 93–110. doi:10.1111/pops.12183 ,
- Wiggins, J. S. (1996). IAS. Escala de Adjetivos Interpersonales. Madrid: TEA.
- Willis, G. B., Guinote, A., & Rodríguez-Bailón, R. (2010). Illegitimacy improves goal pursuit in powerless individuals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 416–419. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.10.009 ,
- Willis, G. B., & Rodríguez-Bailón, R. (2010). El estudio experimental del poder social: Consecuencias cognitivas, afectivas y comportamentales. Estudios de Psicología, 31, 279–295. doi:10.1174/021093910793154402 , ,
- Willis, G. B., Rodríguez-Bailón, R., & Lupiáñez, J. (2011). The boss is paying attention: Power affects the functioning of the attentional networks. Social Cognition, 29, 166–181. doi:10.1521/soco.2011.29.2.166 ,
- Wojciszke, B., & Struzynska-Kujalowicz, A. (2007). Power influences self-esteem. Social Cognition, 25, 472–494. doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.4.472 ,
- Zhang, H., You, J., Teng, F., & Chan, D. K. (2014). Differential roles of physical attractiveness and earning capability in explaining sense of power among dating individuals in China: A gender comparison. Sex Roles, 70, 343–355. doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0356-x