El resilvestramiento y el retorno de la faunaenfoques, experiencias e implicaciones paisajística

  1. Serrano-Montes, José Luis 1
  2. Gómez-Zotano, José 1
  3. Olmedo-Cobo, José Antonio 2
  1. 1 Departamento de Análisis Geográfico Regional y Geografía Física, Universidad de Granada
  2. 2 Grupo de Investigación "Paisaje, Medio Ambiente y Planificación Territorial", Universidad de Granada
Revista:
Cuadernos geográficos de la Universidad de Granada

ISSN: 0210-5462,  2340-0129

Año de publicación: 2017

Volumen: 56

Número: 3

Páginas: 136-161

Tipo: Artículo

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Otras publicaciones en: Cuadernos geográficos de la Universidad de Granada

Resumen

El resilvestramiento constituye una estrategia de restauración ecológica basada principalmente en la conservación y reintroducción de especies faunísticas clave. Habiendo adquirido una gran relevancia durante los últimos años, se han propuesto diferentes modalidades y se están desarrollando experiencias en diversos lugares del mundo. Mediante una revisión bibliográfica, en el presente trabajo se lleva a cabo una identificación y análisis de los distintos enfoques, propuestas y experiencias, así como de las implicaciones paisajísticas de esta estrategia de restauración ecológica. Se han identificado seis enfoques de resilvestramiento y distintas experiencias asociadas a cada uno de ellos. Salvo en el caso del resilvestramiento pasivo o basado en la vegetación, el resto de propuestas se centran en el restablecimiento de distintas especies faunísticas ingenieras de ecosistemas: grandes carnívoros, especies pleistocenas, dispersores de semillas en ecosistemas insulares o megaherbívoros extintos en tiempos históricos. Se espera que el resilvestramiento, y la consecuente recuperación de la fauna, generen importantes transformaciones paisajísticas, tanto desde un punto de vista ecológico, como desde una perspectiva socioeconómica y perceptual. La dimensión alcanzada por este movimiento y sus conocidas y previsibles implicaciones territoriales, justifican la necesidad de una mayor atención por parte de la geografía.

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El descubrimiento de las cascadas tróficas y de la “ecología del miedo”4, especialmente tras la evo-lución experimentada por los ecosistemas del Parque Nacional de Yellowstone (Estados Unidos) con la reintroducción del lobo (Canis lupus occidentalis) en 1995, se ha convertido en un argu-mento fundamental para el restablecimiento de superpredadores en las estrategias de conserva-ción y en las propuestas de restauración ecológica basadas en el resilvestramiento (Eisenberg, 2013; Monbiot, 2013). La primera vez que apareció el concepto de “rewilding” en la literatura científica fue en el año 1998, en el artículo publicado por Michael Soulé y Reed Noss. Estos au-tores definen el resilvestramiento como “el argumento científico para la restauración de la natu-raleza salvaje, sobre la base de las funciones de regulación de los grandes depredadores” (Soulé y Noss, 1998, p. 22). Proponen la protección y restauración de los grandes carnívoros, dado que éstos requieren de amplias áreas de campeo, que ofrecen un efecto paraguas (umbrella effect) para la conservación del territorio, bajo el que otras muchas especies, más abundantes, pequeñas y menos carismáticas, se ven beneficiadas, encontrando seguridad y recursos.

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Fuente de los datos: Dialnet