Invariance of Spanish version of Sexual Double Standard Scale across sex, age, and education level

  1. Ana Álvarez-Muelas 1
  2. Carmen Gómez-Berrocal 1
  3. Pablo Vallejo-Medina 2
  4. Juan Carlos Sierra 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Granada
    info

    Universidad de Granada

    Granada, España

    ROR https://ror.org/04njjy449

  2. 2 Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz (Colombia)
Journal:
Psicothema

ISSN: 0214-9915 1886-144X

Year of publication: 2019

Volume: 31

Issue: 4

Pages: 465-474

Type: Article

More publications in: Psicothema

Abstract

Background: The Sexual Double Standard Scale (SDSS) is one of the most widely-used scales for evaluating the Sexual Double Standard (SDS) and the Spanish version of the scale displays adequate psychometric properties in the adult Spanish population. The aim of this study is to examine the factorial invariance and differential item functioning (DIF) of the Spanish version according to sex, education level, and age, with the objective of describing and comparing SDS based on these variables. Method: A sample of 3,838 heterosexual participants was used (1,908 men and 1,930 women) between the ages of 18 and 90. Results: The results showed that the factorial structure of the SDSS is invariant in terms of sex and education level; with none of these items displaying DIF. Only items 11 and 14 display DIF in terms of age and, therefore, it is recommended that these items be excluded when making comparisons between age ranges. The association of SDSS with sex, education level, and age follows the expected results. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the SDSS is invariant and, as a consequence, can be used in different types of samples

Funding information

This study has been funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad through the Research Project PSI2014-58035-R and the Bursary FPU 16/04429 for University Professor Training, as part of the first author’s thesis (Psychology Doctoral Programme B13 56 1; RD 99/2011).

Bibliographic References

  • Allison, R., & Risman, B. J. (2013). A double standard for ‘‘Hooking Up’’: How far have we come toward gender equality? Social Science Research, 42, 1191-1206. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.04.006
  • Arnett, J. J. (2016). Does emerging adulthood theory apply across social classes? National data on a persistent question. Emerging Adulthood, 4, 227-235. doi:10.1177/2167696815613000
  • Arnett, J. J., & Mitra, D. (2018). Are the features of emerging adulthood developmentally distinctive? A comparison of ages 18-60 in the United States. Emerging Adulthood, 1, 1-8. doi:10.1177/2167696818810073
  • Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16, 397-438. doi:10.1080/10705510903008204
  • Auguie, B. (2017). grid Extra: Miscellaneous functions for “Grid” graphics [Computer software]. Retrieved from https://CRAN.Rproject.org/package=gridExtra
  • Bordini, G. S., & Sperb, T. M. (2013). Sexual double standard: A review of the literature between 2001 and 2010. Sexuality y Culture, 17, 686-704. doi:10.1007/s12119-012-9163-0
  • Byrne, B. M., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2017). The maximum likelihood alignment approach to testing for approximate measurement invariance: A paradigmatic cross-cultural application. Psicothema, 29, 539-551. doi:10.7334/psicothema2017.178
  • Chen F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464–504. doi:10.1080/10705510701301834
  • Chi, X., Bongardt, D. V. D., & Hawk, S. T. (2015). Intrapersonal and interpersonal sexual behaviors of Chinese university students: Gender differences in prevalence and correlates. Journal of Sex Research, 52, 532-542. doi:10.1080/00224499.2014.914131
  • Choi, S. W., Gibbons, L. E., & Crane, P. K. (2011). Lordif: An R package for detecting differential item functioning using iterative hybrid ordinal logistic regression/item response theory and Monte Carlo simulations. Journal of Statistical Software, 39, 1-30.Retrieved from https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093114
  • Cox, D. R., & Snell, E. J. (1989). The Analysis of Binary Data (2ª ed.). London: Chapman and Hall.
  • Crane, P. K., Gibbons, L. E., Jolley, L., & van Belle, G. (2006). Differential item functioning analysis with ordinal logistic regression techniques: DIF detect and dif with par. Medical Care, 44, S115-S123. doi:10.1097/01mlr.0000245183.28384.ed
  • Crane, P. K., Gibbons, L. E., Ocepek-Welikson, K., Cook, K., Cella, D., Narasimhalu, …Teresi, J. A. (2007). A comparison of three sets of criteria for determining the presence of differential item functioning using ordinal logistic regression. Quality of Life Research, 16(Suppl 1), 69-84. doi:10.1007/s11136-007-9185-5
  • Crawford, M., & Popp, D. (2003). Sexual double standard: A review and methodological critique of two decades of research. Journal of Sex Research, 40, 13-26. doi:10.1080/00224490309552163
  • Dimitrov, D. M. (2010). Testing for factorial invariance in the context of construct validation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 43, 121-149. doi:10.1177/0748175610373459
  • England, P., & Bearak, J. (2014). The sexual double standard and gender differences in attitudes toward casual sex among U.S. university students. Demographic Research, 30, 1327-1338. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2014.30.46
  • Fasula, A. M., Carry, M., & Miller, K. S. (2014). A multidimensional framework for the meanings of the sexual double standard and its application for the sexual health of young black women in the U.S. Journal of Sex Research, 51, 170-183.doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.716874
  • Fonseca-Pedrero, E., & Muñiz, J. (2017). Quinta evaluación de tests editados en España: Mirando hacia atrás, construyendo el futuro [Fifth review of tests published in Spain: Looking back, building the future]. Papeles del Psicólogo, 38, 161-168. doi:10.23923/pap.psicol2017.2844
  • Gómez-Benito, J., Sireci, S., Padilla, J. L., Hidalgo, M. D., & Benítez, I. (2018). Differencial item functioning: Beyond validity evidence bases on internal structure. Psichothema, 30, 104-109. doi:10.7334/psicothema2017.183
  • Guo, Y. (2019). Sexual double standards in white and Asian Americans: Ethnicity, gender, and acculturation. Sexuality & Culture, 23, 57-95. doi:10.1007/s12119-018-9543-1
  • Gutiérrez-Quintanilla, J. R., Rojas-García, A., & Sierra, J. C. (2010). Comparación transcultural de la doble moral sexual entre estudiantes universitarios salvadoreños y españoles [Cross-cultural comparison of the sexual double standard between Salvadoran and Spanish college students]. Revista Salvadoreña de Psicología, 1, 31-51.
  • Haavio-Mannila, E., & Kontula, O. (2003). Single and double sexual standards in Finland, Estonia, and St. Petersburg. Journal of Sex Research, 40, 36-49. doi:10.1080/00224490309552165
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Jodoin, M. G., & Gierl, M. J. (2001). Evaluating type I error and power rates using an effect size measure with the logistic regression procedure for DIF detection. Applied Measurement in Education, 14, 329-349. doi:10.1207/S15324818AME1404_2
  • Kim, Y., Lee, E., & Lee, H. (2019). Sexual double standard, dating violence recognition, and sexual assertiveness among university students in South Korea. Asian Nursing Research, 13, 47-52. doi:10.1016/j.anr.2019.01003
  • Li, C. H. (2016). Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: Comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares. Behavior Research Methods, 48, 936-949. doi:10.3758/s13428-015-0319-7
  • Marks, M. J., Young, T. M, & Zaikman, Y. (2019). The sexual double standard in the real world. Evaluations of sexuality active friends and acquaintances. Social Psychology, 50, 67-79. doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000362
  • Menard, S. (2000). Coefficients of determination for multiple logistic regression analysis. The American Statistician, 54, 17-24. doi:10.1080.00031305.2000.10474502
  • Milhausen, R. R., & Herold, E. S. (2002). Reconceptualizing the sexual double standard. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 13, 63-86. doi:10.1300/J056v13n02_05
  • Monge, F. S., Sierra, J. C., & Salinas, J. M. (2013). Equivalencia factorial y métrica de la Double Standard Scale por sexo y edad [Factorial and metric equivalence of Double Standard Scale by gender and age]. Suma Psicológica, 20, 7-14.
  • Moyano, N., Monge, F. S., & Sierra, J. C. (2017). Predictors of sexual aggression in adolescents: Gender dominance vs. rape supportive attitudes. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 9, 25-31. doi:10.1016/j.ejpal.2016.06.001
  • Muehlenhard, C. L., & Quackenbush, D. M. (2011). Sexual Double Standard Scale. In T. D. Fisher, C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber, & S. L. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of sexuality-related measures (3th ed., pp. 199-201). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Muñiz, J., Elosua, P., & Hambleton, R. K. (2013). Directrices para la traducción y adaptación de los tests: Segunda edición [International Test Commission Guidelines for test translation and adaptation: Second edition]. Psicothema, 25, 151-157. doi:10.7334/psicothema2013.24
  • Muñiz, J., & Fonseca-Pedrero. (2019). Diez pasos para la construcción de un test [Ten steps for test development]. Psicothema, 31, 7-16. doi:10.7334/psicothema2018.291
  • Nagelkerke, N. J. (1991). A note on a general definition of the coefficient of determination. Biometrika, 78, 691-692. doi:10.1093/biome/78.3.691
  • Ortiz, A. P, Soto-Salgado, M., Suárez, E., Santos-Ortiz, M. C., Tortolero- Luna, G., & Pérez, C. M. (2011). Sexual behaviors among adults in Puerto Rico: A population-based study. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8, 2439-2449. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02329.x
  • Peixoto, C., Botelho, F., Tomada, I., & Tomada, N. (2016). Comportamento sexual de estudantes de medicina portugueses e seus fatores preditivos [Sexual patterns in Portuguese medical students and its predictive factors]. Revista Internacional de Andrología, 14, 53-68. doi:10.1016/j.androl.2015.02.0011698-031X
  • Ramiro-Sánchez, T., Ramiro, M. T., Bermúdez, M. P., & Buela-Casal, G. (2018). Sexism and sexual risk behavior in adolescents: Gender differences. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 18, 245-253. doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2018.04.002
  • R Core Team. (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing [Computer software]. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org
  • RStudio Team. (2016). RStudio: Integrated Development for R Boston, MA: RStudio, Inc. [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://www.rstudio.com
  • Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1-36. doi:10.18637/jss.v018.i02
  • Sakaluk, J. K., Todd, L. M., Milhausen, R., & Lachowsky, N. J. (2014). Dominant heterosexual sexual scripts in emerging adulthood: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Sex Research, 51, 516-531. doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.745473
  • SantosIglesias, P., Sierra, J. C., García, M., Martínez, A., Sánchez, A., & Tapia, M. I. (2009). Índice de Satisfacción Sexual: Un estudio sobre su fiabilidad y validez [Index of Sexual Satisfaction (ISS): A study on the reliability and validity]. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 9, 259-273.
  • semTools Contributors. (2016). semTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling [Computer software]. Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=semTools
  • Sierra, J. C., Bermúdez, M. P., Buela-Casal G., Salinas, J. M., & Monge, F. S. (2014). Variables asociadas a la experiencia de abuso en la pareja y su denuncia en una muestra de mujeres [Factors associated with the intimate partner violence and their complaint in a sample of women]. Universitas Psychologica, 13, 37-46. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.UPSY13-1.vaea
  • Sierra, J. C., Costa, N., & Monge, F. S. (2012, octubre). Actitudes sexuales machistas en mujeres: Análisis transcultural entre Brasil y Perú [Sexist sexual attitudes in women: Cross-cultural análisis between Brazil and Peru]. Poster sesion presented at meeting of XVI Congreso Latinoamericano de Sexología y Educación Sexual. Medellín, Colombia.
  • Sierra, J. C., Gutiérrez-Quintanilla, J. R., Bermúdez, M. P., & Buela-Casal, G. (2009). Male sexual coercion: Analysis of a few associated factors. Psychological Reports, 105, 69-79. doi:10.2466/PR0.105.1.69-79
  • Sierra, J. C., Monge, F. S., Santos-Iglesias, P., Bermúdez, M. P., & Salinas, J. M. (2011). Validation of a reduced Spanish version of the Index of Spouse Abuse. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 11, 363-383.
  • Sierra, J. C., Monge, F. S., Santos-Iglesias, P., Rodriguez, K., & Aparicio, D. L. (2010). Propiedades psicométricas de las versiones en español de la Double Standard Scale (DSS) y de la Rape Supportive Scale (RSAS) en mujeres peruanas [Psychometric properties of Spanish version of Double Standard Scale (DSS) and of Rape Supportive Attitude Scale (RSAS) in Peruvian women]. Cuadernos de Medicina Psicosomática y Psiquiatría de Enlace, 95, 57-66.
  • Sierra, J. C., Moyano, N., Vallejo-Medina, P., & Gómez-Berrocal, C. (2018). An abridged Spanish version of Sexual Double Standard Scale: Factorial structure, reliability and validity evidence. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 18, 69-80. doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.05.003
  • Soller, B., & Haynie, D. L. (2017). Variation in sexual double standards across schools: How do they matter of adolescent sexual behavior? Sociological Perspectives, 60, 702-721. doi:10.1177/0731121416668865
  • Velten, J., Scholten, S., & Margraf, J. (2018). Psychometric properties of the sexual excitation/sexual inhibition inventory for women and men (SESII-W/M) and the Sexual Excitation Scales/Sexual Inhibition Scales Short Form (SIS/SES-SF) in a population based sample in Germany. Plos ONE, 13, e0193080. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193080
  • Wickham, H. (2009). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis [Computer software]. New York: Springer-Verlag. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggplot2/index.html