Discrimination, work stress, and psychological well-being in LGBTI workers in Spain

  1. Miguel Moya 1
  2. Alba Moya-Garófano 1
  1. 1 Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain
Revista:
Psychosocial Intervention

ISSN: 1132-0559

Año de publicación: 2020

Volumen: 29

Número: 2

Páginas: 93-101

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.5093/PI2020A5 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Psychosocial Intervention

Resumen

A pesar de que la discriminación y el prejuicio hacia el colectivo LGTBI en España hayan disminuido, es posible que aún pervivan actitudes negativas hacia estas personas. En la presente investigación analizamos si las personas LGTBI perciben la existencia de prejuicio o discriminación hacia ellas en el ámbito laboral debido a su orientación sexual. Para analizar en términos relativos dichas percepciones, las comparamos con las que tienen las personas de orientación heterosexual. Después se examinó si la percepción de discriminación está relacionada con el estrés laboral, la presencia de trastornos mentales y la depresión. Los resultados mostraron que las personas LGTBI experimentaban mayor discriminación en su trabajo en virtud de su orientación sexual, produciéndoles mayor estrés laboral, trastornos mentales y depresión. Estos resultados confirman la pervivencia de discriminación hacia las personas LGTBI en el ámbito laboral y algunas de sus perniciosas consecuencias y muestran la necesidad de intervenciones para la reducción del prejuicio hacia los trabajadores LGTBI.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Badgett, M,Lau, H,Sears, B,Ho, D.. (2007). Bias in the workplace: Consistent evidence of sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination. The Williams Institute, UCLA.
  • Balsam, K. F,Beauchaine, T. P,Mickey, R. M,Rothblum, E. D.. (2005). Mental health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and heterosexual siblings: Effects of gender, sexual orientation, and family. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 114. 471
  • Bliese, P. D,Edwards, J. R,Sonnentag, S.. (2017). Stress and well-being at work: A century of empirical trends reflecting theoretical and societal influences. Journal of Applied Psychology. 102. 389-402
  • Bonde, J. P.. (2008). Psychosocial factors at work and risk of depression: A systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 65. 438
  • Bostwick, W. B,Boyd, C. J,Hughes, T. L,West, B. T,McCabe, S. E.. (2014). Discrimination and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 84. 35-45
  • Bridge, L,Smith, P,Rimes, K. A.. (2019). Sexual orientation differences in the self-esteem of men and women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. 6. 433
  • Bromet, E. Andrade L. H,Hwang, I,Sampson, N. A,Alonso, J,de Girolamo, G,de Graaf, R,Demyttenaere, K,Hu, C,Iwata, N,Karam, A. N,Kaur, J,Kostyuchenko, S,Lépine, J. P,Levinson, D,Matschinger, H,Mora, M. E,Browne, M. O,Posada-Villa, J,Kessler, R. C.. (2011). Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode. BMC Medicine. 9. 90
  • Bruce, D,Harper, G. W,Bauermeister, J. A.. (2015). Minority stress, positive identity development, and depressive symptoms: Implications for resilience among sexual minority male youth. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. 2. 287
  • DeSouza, E. R,Wesselmann, E. D,Ispas, D.. (2017). Workplace discrimination against sexual minorities: Subtle and not-so-subtle. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences. Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration. 34. 121
  • Dewaele, A,Van Houtte, M,Buysse, A,Lyubayeva, A,Trippas, M,Baeken, A. S.. (2019). What predicts visibility management at work? A study of gay, lesbian, and bisexual Flemish government employees. Psychologica Belgica. 59. 78-95
  • Di Marco, D,Hoel, H,Arenas, A,Munduate, L.. (2018). Workplace incivility as modern sexual prejudice. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 33. 1978-2004
  • Domínguez-Fuentes, J. M,Hombrados-Mendieta, M. I,García-Leiva, P.. (2012). Social support and life satisfaction among gay men in Spain. Journal of Homosexuality. 59. 241
  • Eaton, W. W,Martins, S. S,Nestadt, G,Bienvenu, O. J,Clarke, D,Alexandre, P.. (2008). The burden of mental disorders. Epidemiologic Reviews. 30. 1-14
  • (2012). European Agency for Fundamental Rights - FRA EU LGBT survey. European Union lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender survey. Results at a glance. FRA–European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. Viena.
  • (2018). FELGTB La cara oculta de la violencia hacia el colectivo LGBTI. FELGTB. Madrid.
  • (2013). FELGTB-COGAM. Estudio 2013 sobre discriminación por orientación sexual y/o identidad de género en España.
  • Flage, A.. (2019). Discrimination against gays and lesbians in hiring decisions: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Manpower.
  • Harding, T. W,De Arango, M. V. Baltazar,Climent, C. E,Ibrahim, H. H. A,Ladrido-Ignacio, L,Srinivasa, R. S,Murthy, Wig. (1980). Mental disorders in primary health care: A study of their frequency and diagnosis in four developing countries. Psychological Medicine. 10. 231
  • Hayes, A. F.. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
  • Hebl, M. R,Foster, J. B,Mannix, L. M,Dovidio, J. F.. (2002). Formal and interpersonal discrimination: A field study of bias toward homosexual applicants. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 28. 815
  • Herek, G. M.. (2009). Hate crimes and stigma-related experiences among sexual minority adults in the United States: Prevalence estimates from a national probability sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 24. 54-74
  • Herrero, J,Gracia, E.. (2007). Una medida breve de la sintomatología depresiva (CESD-7). Salud Mental. 30. 40
  • Kessler, R. C,Angermeyer, M,Anthony, J. C,DE Graaf, R,Demyttenaere, K,Gasquet, I,De Girolamo, G,Gluzman, S.,Gureje, O,Haro, J. M,Kawakami, N,Karam, A,Levinson, D,Medina Mora, M. E,Oakley, Browne,Posada-Villa, J,Stein, D,Adley Tsang, C. H,Aguilar-Gaxiola, S,Ustün, T. B.. (2007). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry. 6. 168
  • Kivimäki, M,Leino-Arjas, P,Luukkonen, R,Riihimäki, H,Vahtera, J,Kirjonen, J.. (2002). Work stress and risk of cardiovascular mortality: Prospective cohort study of industrial employees. British Medical Journal. 325. 857
  • Klawitter, M.. (2015). Meta-analysis of the effects of sexual orientation on earnings. Industrial Relations. 54. 4-32
  • Jones, K. P,Peddie, C. H,Gilrane, V. L,King, E. B,Gray, A. L.. (2016). Not so subtle: A meta-analytic investigation of the correlates of subtle and overt discrimination. Journal of Management. 42. 1588
  • Lazarus, R. S,Folkman, S.. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer.
  • Leka, S,Jain, A.. (2010). Health impact of psychosocial hazards at work: An overview. World Health Organization.
  • (1970). Ley 16/1970, de 4 de agosto sobre Peligrosidad y Rehabilitación Social. BOE núm. 187.
  • (2016). Ley 3/2016, de 22 de julio. BOE num. 285.
  • (2017). Ley 8/2017, de 28 de diciembre. BOE num. 33.
  • Ludemir, A. B,Schraiber, L. B,Oliveira, A,Franca-Junior, I,Jansen, H. A.. (2008). Violence against women by their intimate partner and common mental disorders. Social Science & Medicine. 66. 1008
  • Marcus, M,Yasamy, T. Y,Ommeren, M,Chisholm, D,Saxena, S.. (2012). World Federation for Mental Health Depression: A global health concern. Depression: A global crisis. 6-8
  • Meyer, I. H.. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 36. 38-56
  • Meyer, I. H.. (2013). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin. 129. 674
  • Molero, F,Recio, P,García-Ael, C,Fuster, M. J,Sanjuán, P.. (2013). Measuring dimensions of perceived discrimination in five stigmatized groups. Social Indicators Research. 114. 901
  • Molero, F,Silván-Ferrero, P,Fuster-Ruiz de Apodaca, M. J,Nouvilas-Pallejá, E,Pérez-Garín, D.. (2017). Subtle and blatant perceived discrimination and well-being in lesbians and gay men in Spain: The role of social support. Psicothema. 29. 475
  • Morrison, M. A,Morrison, T. G,Franklin, R.. (2009). Modern and old-fashioned homonegativity among samples of Canadian and American university students. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 40. 523
  • Navarro-Mantas, L,Velásquez, M. J,de Lemus, S,Megías, J. L.. (2018). Prevalence and sociodemographic predictors of intimate partner violence against women in El Salvador. Journal of Interpersonal Violence.
  • Nixon, A. E,Mazzola, J. J,Bauer, J,Krueger, J. R,Spector, P. E.. (2011). Can work make you sick? A meta-analysis of the relationships between job stressors and physical symptoms. Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work, Health, & Organizations. 25. 1-22
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S.. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin. 101. 259
  • (2013). Pew Research Center. The global divide on homosexuality greater acceptance in more secular and affluent countries.
  • Radloff, L. S.. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement. 1. 385-401
  • Sears, D,Mallory, C.. (2011). Documented evidence of employment discrimination and its effects on LGBT people. The Williams Institute. Los Angeles, CA.
  • Semlyen, J. King,Varney, J,Hagger-Johnson, G.. (2016). Sexual orientation and symptoms of common mental disorder or low wellbeing: Combined meta-analysis of 12 UK population health surveys. BMC Psychiatry. 16. 67
  • Stansfeld, S,Candy, B.. (2006). Psychosocial work environment and mental health—A meta-analytic review. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 32. 443
  • Spurgeon, A,Harrington, J. M,Cooper, C. L.. (1997). Health and safety problems associated with long working hours: A review of the current position. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 54. 367
  • Stanton, J. M,Balzer, W. K,Smith, P. C,Parra, L. F,Ironson, G.. (2001). A general measure of work stress: The Stress In General Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 61. 866
  • Steel, Z,Marnane, C,Iranpour, C,Chey, T,Jackson, J. W,Patel, V,Silove, D.. (2014). The global prevalence of common mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis 1980–2013. International Journal of Epidemiology. 43. 476
  • Sullivan, S. E,Bhagat, R. S.. (1992). Organizational stress, job satisfaction and job performance: Where do we go from here?. Journal of Management. 18. 353
  • Vanden Berghe, W,Dewaele, A,Cox, N,Winke, J.. (2010). Minority-specific determinants of mental well-being among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 40. 153
  • Vilagut, G,Forero, C. G,Barbaglia, G,Alonso, J.. (2016). screening for depression in the general population with the center for epidemiologic studies depression (CES-D): A systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 11. 0155431
  • Virtanen, M.,Singh-Manoux, A.,Ferrie, J. E,Gimeno, D,Marmot, M. G,Elovainio, M,Jokela, M,Vahtera, J,Kivimäki, M.. (2009). Long working hours and cognitive function: The Whitehall II Study. American Journal of Epidemioloy. 169. 596-605
  • (2003). World Health Organization - WHO Investing in mental health. World Health Organization.
  • (2008). World Health Organization - WHO The global burden of disease. 2004 update. World Health Organization.
  • (2017). World Health Organization - WHO Depression and other common mental disorders global health estimates. World Health Organization.