Populist contagion or anti-elitism in opposition?PSOE’s response to the emergence of Podemos

  1. Belén Fernández-García 1
  2. Óscar G. Luengo 2
  1. 1 Universidade de Lisboa
    info

    Universidade de Lisboa

    Lisboa, Portugal

    ROR https://ror.org/01c27hj86

  2. 2 Universidad de Granada
    info

    Universidad de Granada

    Granada, España

    ROR https://ror.org/04njjy449

Revista:
Revista española de ciencia política

ISSN: 1575-6548

Año de publicación: 2020

Número: 54

Páginas: 13-37

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.21308/RECP.54.01 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: Revista española de ciencia política

Resumen

Este artículo analiza el posible contagio del discurso populista experimentado por el Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) por la irrupción de Podemos. Para ello se ha realizado un análisis de contenido en una selección de programas electorales nacionales y europeos del PSOE publicados entre 2004 y 2019. Los resultados muestran que la evolución del antielitismo en los programas del PSOE no está necesariamente relacionada con la competición con Podemos, sino con el estatus de oposición del partido, especialmente en contextos de descontento ciudadano. Por tanto, los principales resultados sugieren que el declive político de los partidos tradicionales podría ser un factor más decisivo que el surgimiento y el auge de nuevos partidos a la hora de explicar los cambios en la identidad de los mismos. Asimismo, el artículo muestra que los mensajes populistas han jugado tres funciones principales en los programas del PSOE: mostrar empatía y comprensión con el malestar del pueblo en contextos de insatisfacción ciudadana; atacar al competidor principal cuando el partido está en la oposición, y utilizar los poderes económicos y otras élites como chivos expiatorios, especialmente cuando el partido está en el Gobierno.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Abou-Chadi, Tarik and Werner Krauset. 2018. “The Causal Effect of Radical Right Success on Mainstream Parties’ Policy Positions: A Regression Discontinuity Approach”, British Journal of Political Science, 50 (3): 1-19. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123418000029.
  • Adams, James, Michael Clark, Lawrence Ezrow and Garret Glasgow. 2004. “Understanding Change and Stability in Party Ideologies: Do Parties Respond to Public Opinion or to Past Election Results?”, British Journal of Political Science, 34 (4): 589-610. Available at: 10.1017/S0007123404000201.
  • Bale, Tim, Christoffer Green Pedersen, André Krouwel, Kurt Richard Luther and Nick Sitter. 2010. “If You Can’t Beat Them, Join Them? Explaining Social Democratic Responses to the Challenge from the Populist Radical Right in Western”, Europe Political Studies, 58 (3): 410-426. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2009.00783.x
  • Barberà, Óscar and Juan Rodríguez-Teruel. 2020. “The PSOE’s deliberation and democratic innovations in turbulent times for the social democracy”, European Political Science, 19: 212-221. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-019-00236-y
  • Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. 2011. Barómetro de noviembre. Avance de resultados. Estudio n.º 2917. Available at: http://datos.cis.es/pdf/Es2917mar_A.pdf.
  • Della Porta, Donatella, Joseba Fernández, Hara Kouki and Lorenzo Mosca. 2017. Movement Parties Against Austerity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Delgado-Fernández, Santiago and Ángel Cazorla-Martín. 2017. “El Partido Socialista Obrero Español: de la hegemonía a la decadencia”, Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 44: 247-273. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21308/recp.44.10.
  • De Vreese, Claes H., Frank Esser, Toril Aalberg, Carsten Reinemann and James Stanyer. 2018. “Populism as an Expression of Political Communication Content and Style: A New Perspective”, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23 (4): 423-438. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218790035.
  • Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. Boston: Addison-Wesley.
  • Downs, William M. 2001. “Pariahs in their midst: Belgian and Norwegian parties react to extremist threats”, West European Politics, 24: 23-42. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380108425451.
  • Fernández-García, Belén. 2019. Los partidos populistas en Europa Occidental: características y escenarios electorales favorables [thesis]. Universidad de Granada: Granada.
  • Fernández-García, Belén and Óscar G. Luengo. 2018a. “Populist parties in Western Europe. An analysis of the three core elements of populism”, Communication and Society, 31 (3): 57-76. Available at: https://doi.org/10.15581/003.31.3.57-74.
  • Fernández-García, Belén and Óscar G. Luengo. 2018b. “Diferentes vías, un mismo resultado: el éxito electoral de los partidos populistas en Europa Occidental. Una propuesta de análisis”, Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 48: 45-72. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21308/recp.48.02.
  • Fernández-García, Belén and Óscar G. Luengo. 2019. “Electoral scenarios of success for anti-establishment political parties in Western Europe: a fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis”, Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 27 (1): 77-95. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2019.1567478.
  • Han, Kyung J. 2015. “The Impact of Radical Right-Wing Parties on the Positions of Mainstream Parties Regarding Multiculturalism”, West European Politics, 38 (3): 557-576. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2014.981448.
  • Harmel, Robert, Uk Heo and Alexander Tan and Kenneth Janda. 1995. “Performance, leadership, factions and party change: An empirical analysis”, West European Politics, 18: 1-33. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389508425055.
  • Harmel, Robert and Kenneth Janda. 1994. “An Integrated Theory of Party Goals and Party Change”, Journal of Theoretical Politics, 6: 259-287. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0951692894006003001.
  • Harmel, Robert and Lars Svasand. 1997. “The influence of new parties on old parties’ platforms. The Cases of the Progress Parties and Conservative Parties of Denmark and Norway”, Party Politics, 3 (3): 315-340. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068897003003003.
  • Ivaldi, Gilles, María E. Lanzone and Dwayne Woods. 2017. “Varieties of Populism across a Left-Right Spectrum: The Case of the Front National, the Northern League, Podemosand Five Star Movement”, Swiss Political Science Review, 23 (4): 354-376. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12278.
  • Lancaster, Thomas. 2017. “The Spanish general elections of 2015 and 2016: a new stage in democratic politics?”, West European Politics, 40 (4): 919-937. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2017.1293340.
  • Mair, Peter. 2000. “Partyless Democracy and the ‘Paradox’ of New Labour”, New Left Review, 2: 21-35.
  • Manucci, Luca and Edward Weber. 2017. “Why The Big Picture Matters: Political and Media Populism in Western Europe since the 1970s”, Swiss Political Science Review, 23 (4): 313-334. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12267.
  • March, Luke. 2017. “Left and right populism compared: The British case”, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 19 (2): 282-303. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148117701753
  • Meguid, Bonnie M. 2005. “Competition Between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategy in Niche Party Success”, American Political Science Review, 99 (3): 347-359. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051701.
  • Meijers, Maurits J. 2015. “Contagious Euroscepticism: The impact of Eurosceptic support on mainstream party positions on European integration”, Party Politics, 23 (4): 413-423. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068815601787.
  • Minkenberg, Michael. 2001. “The Radical Right in Public Office: Agenda-Setting and Policy Effects”, West European Politics, 24 (4): 1-21. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380108425462.
  • Mudde, Cass. 2004. “The populist zeitgeist”, Government and Opposition, 39 (4): 542-563. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x.
  • Mudde, Cass and Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser. 2013. “Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Contemporary Europe and Latin America”, Government and Opposition, 48 (2): 147-174. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2012.11.
  • Polk, Jonathan, Jan Rovny, Ryan Bakker, Erica Edwards, Liesbet Hooghe, Seth Jolly, Jelle Koedam, Filip Kostelka, Gary Marks, Gijs Schumacher, Marco Steenbergen, Milada Vachudova and Marko Zilovic. 2017. “Explaining the salience of anti-elitism and reducing political corruption for political parties in Europe with the 2014 Chapel Hill Expert Survey data”, Research and Politics, 4 (1): 1-9. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168016686915.
  • Rodríguez-Teruel, Juan, Astrid Barrio and Óscar Barberà. 2016. “Fast and Furious: Podemos’ Quest for Power in Multi-level Spain”, South European Society and Politics, Available at: 10.1080/13608746.2016.1250397.
  • Rooduijn, Matthijs and Teun Pauwels. 2011. “Measuring populism: Comparing two methods of content analysis”, West European Politics, 34 (6): 1272-1283. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2011.616665.
  • Rooduijn, Matthijs and Tjitske Akkerman. 2015. “Flank attacks Populism and left-right radicalism in Western Europe”, Party Politics, 23 (3): 1-12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068815596514.
  • Rooduijn, Matthijs, Sarah L. De Lange and Wouter Van der Brug. 2014. “A populist Zeitgeist? Programmatic contagion by populist parties in Western Europe”, Party Politics, 20 (4): 563-575. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068811436065.
  • Simón, Pablo. 2017. “The Challenges of the New Spanish Multipartism: Government Formation Failure and the 2016 General Election”, South European Society and Politics, 21 (4): 493-517. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2016.1268292.
  • Snow, Dave and Benjamin Moffitt. 2012. “Straddling the divide: mainstream populism and conservatism in Howard’s Australia and Harper’s Canada”, Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 50 (3): 271-292. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2012.692922.
  • Schumacher, Gijs and Kees van Kersbergen. 2016. “Do mainstream parties adapt to the welfare chauvinism of populist parties?”, Party Politics, 22 (3): 300-312. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068814549345.
  • Van Spanje, Joost. 2010. “Contagious parties. Anti-Immigration Parties and Their Impact on Other Parties. Immigration Stances in Contemporary Western Europe”, Party Politics, 16 (5): 563-586. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1354068809346002.
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet