Cambio climático, riesgos ambientales y desafíos para los programas de salud públicaun enfoque de bioética global

  1. Moreno Muñoz, Miguel
Revista:
Dilemata

ISSN: 1989-7022

Año de publicación: 2018

Título del ejemplar: Vulnerabilidad, justicia y salud global

Número: 26

Páginas: 225-238

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Dilemata

Resumen

La frecuencia e intensidad de los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos están siendo aceleradas por el impacto de la acción humana en la dinámica que determina el clima en el sistema Tierra. Los escenarios de riesgo resultantes permanecen subestimados, a pesar de los desafíos interdisciplinares complejos que plantean para los programas de salud pública. En una perspectiva de bioética global, analizo esta serie de riesgos y las concreciones del principio de no-maleficencia aplicado a poblaciones vulnerables, cuyos medios de subsistencia pueden verse más directamente afectados por una combinación catastrófica de enfermedades emergentes y factores tecno-naturales. El repaso de la literatura pretende identificar herramientas útiles para una evaluación interdisciplinar de los riesgos ligados al impacto de fenómenos climáticos extremos en la salud de poblaciones vulnerables, sus implicaciones para redimensionar los recursos disponibles y el conjunto de medidas que harían viable un programa de mitigación/adaptación razonablemente eficaz. Sin nuevos acuerdos internacionales para mitigar los impactos del cambio climático en la población mundial, las estrategias y programas de salud pública a nivel local o regional tendrán un impacto muy limitado.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Barnosky, A. D., Hadly, E. A., Bascompte, J., Berlow, E. L., Brown, J. H., Fortelius, M., … Smith, A. B. (2012). Approaching a state shift in Earth/’s biosphere. Nature, 486(7401), 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11018
  • Battisti, D. S., & Naylor, R. L. (2009). Historical Warnings of Future Food Insecurity with Unprecedented Seasonal Heat. Science, 323(5911), 240–244. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164363
  • Bayer, R. (2003). Chapter 43 Ethical Challenges of the Global AIDS Epidemic. In G. P. Wormser & M. D. B. T.-A. and O. M. of H. I. V. I. (Fourth E. M.D.A2 Gary P. Wormser (Eds.), (pp. 1045–1054). San Diego: Academic Press.
  • Baylis, F., Kenny, N. P., & Sherwin, S. (2008). A Relational Account of Public Health Ethics. Public Health Ethics, 1(3), 196–209. http://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phn025
  • Behnassi, M., & Yaya, S. (2011). Food Crisis Mitigation: The Need for an Enhanced Global Food Governance. In M. Behnassi, S. Draggan, & S. Yaya (Eds.), (pp. 93–125). Springer Netherlands. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0890-7_8
  • Bentley, M. (2007). Healthy Cities, local environmental action and climate change. Health Promotion International, 22(3), 246–253. http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/3/246
  • Boussalis, C., & Coan, T. G. (2016). Text-mining the signals of climate change doubt. Global Environmental Change, 36, 89–100. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.12.001
  • Brown, T. (2011). “Vulnerability is universal”: Considering the place of “security” and “vulnerability” within contemporary global health discourse. Social Science & Medicine, 72(3), 319–326.
  • Cardona, O.-D., van Aalst, M. K., Birkmann, J., Fordham, M., McGregor, G., Perez, R., … Thomalla, F. (2012).
  • Determinants of Risk: Exposure and Vulnerability. In C. B. Field, V. Barros, T. F. Stocker, & Q. Dahe (Eds.), Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (pp. 65–108).
  • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139177245.005
  • Carlton, J. S., Perry-Hill, R., Huber, M., & Prokopy, L. S. (2015). The climate change consensus extends beyond climate scientists. Environmental Research Letters, 10(9), 94025. http://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094025
  • Coker, R. J., Hunter, B. M., Rudge, J. W., Liverani, M., & Hanvoravongchai, P. (2011). Emerging infectious diseases in southeast Asia: regional challenges to control. The Lancet, 377(9765), 599–609.
  • Cook, J. et al. (2016). Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming. Environmental Research Letters, 11(4), 48002. http://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002
  • Costello, A., Abbas, M., Allen, A., Ball, S., Bell, S., Bellamy, R., … Patterson, C. (2009). Managing the health effects of climate change. The Lancet, 373(9676), 1693–1733.
  • Deckers, J. (2011). Negative “GHIs,” the Right to Health Protection, and Future Generations. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 8(2), 165–176.
  • Desai, S., van Treeck, U., Lierz, M., Espelage, W., Zota, L., Czerwinski, M., … Quizhpe, A. (2009). A Relational Account of Public Health Ethics. Public Health Ethics, 3(3), 77–84. http://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj147
  • E. Dunlap, R., & McCright, A. M. (2011). Organized Climate Change Denial. Oxford University Press. http://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566600.003.0010
  • Ebi, K. L. (2011). Climate Change and Health. In Encyclopedia of Environmental Health (pp. 680–689). Elsevier. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52272-6.00165-3
  • Ebi, K. L., & Schmier, J. K. (2005). A Stitch in Time: Improving Public Health Early Warning Systems for Extreme Weather Events. Epidemiologic Reviews, 27(1), 115–121. http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org
  • Cambio ClimátiCo, riesgos ambientales y desafíos para los programas de salud públiCa: un enfoque de bioétiCa global Feldbaum, H., Lee, K., & Michaud, J. (2010). Global Health and Foreign Policy. Epidemiologic Reviews, 32(1), 82–92. http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/32/1/82
  • Fernando, N., Warner, K., & Birkmann, J. (2010). Migration and Natural Hazards: Is Relocation a Secondary Disaster or an Opportunity for Vulnerability Reduction? In T. Afifi & J. Jäger (Eds.), (pp. 145–156). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12416-7_11
  • Filleul, L., Larrieu, S., & Lefranc, A. (2011). Extreme Temperatures and Mortality. In Encyclopedia of Environmental Health (pp. 693–699). Elsevier. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52272-6.00463-3
  • Gasbarro, F., Iraldo, F., & Daddi, T. (2017). The drivers of multinational enterprises’ climate change strategies: A quantitative study on climate-related risks and opportunities. Journal of Cleaner Production. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.018
  • Glantz, M., & Adeel, Z. (2000). Climate Affairs as a next-generation environmental science. Global Environmental Change, 10(1), 81–85.
  • Goldberg, T. L., & Patz, J. A. (2015). The need for a global health ethic. The Lancet, 386(10007), e37–e39. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60757-7
  • Goodman, B. (2014). The debate on climate change and health in the context of ecological public health: a necessary corrective to Costello et al.’s “biggest global health threat”, or co-opted apologists for the neoliberal hegemony? Public Health, 128(12), 1059–1065. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2014.08.017
  • Guha-Sapir, D., & Hoyois, P. (2015). Estimating populations affected by disasters: A review of methodological issues and research gaps. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/7774UN Note on affected Final version.pdf
  • Haines, A., Kovats, R. S., Campbell-Lendrum, D., & Corvalan, C. (2006). Climate change and human health: Impacts, vulnerability and public health. Public Health, 120(7), 585–596.
  • Hanlon, P., Carlisle, S., Hannah, M., Lyon, A., & Reilly, D. (2011). Learning our way into the future public health: a proposition. Journal of Public Health Medicine, 33(3), 335–342. http://jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/33/3/335
  • Hernández-Delgado, E. A. (2015). The emerging threats of climate change on tropical coastal ecosystem services, public health, local economies and livelihood sustainability of small islands: Cumulative impacts and synergies. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 101(1), 5–28. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.018
  • Hoffman, S. J. (2010). The evolution, etiology and eventualities of the global health security regime. Health Policy and Planning, 25(6), 510–522. http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/6/510
  • Horwitz, P., Spini, L., Campbell, K., Thomas, R. J., & Mulongoy, J. (2011). The relationship between water, health and global environmental change, as interpreted through five key Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3(6), 520–526.
  • Hsiang, S. M., Burke, M., & Miguel, E. (2013). Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict. Science, 341(6151), 1235367–1235367. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1235367
  • Iglesias, A., Quiroga, S., Diz, A., Hughes, J. M., Wilson, M. E., Pike, B. L., … Gostin, L. O. (2011). Looking into the future of agriculture in a changing climate. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38(3), 427–447. http://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbr037
  • IOM. (2009). Migration, environment and climate change: assessing the evidence. (F. Laczko & C. Aghazarm, Eds.). International Organization for Migration (IOM). http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/migration_and_environment.pdf
  • Jones, A., & Hermias, J. (2015). Climate Change and Global Poverty. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp. 848–852). Elsevier. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.64042-4
  • Kelley, P. W. (2011). Global Health: Governance and Policy Development. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 25(2), 435–453.
  • Kovats, R. S., & Butler, C. D. (2012). Global health and environmental change: linking research and policy. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4(1), 44–50.
  • Lowry, C., & Schuklenk, U. (2009). Two Models in Global Health Ethics. Public Health Ethics, 2(3), 276–284. http://phe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/2/3/276
  • Lynn, K., Mackendrick, K., & Donoghue, E. M. (2011). Social Vulnerability and Climate Change: Synthesis of Literature. http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr838.pdf
  • Macfarlane, S. (2001). Dying for Growth: Global inequality and the health of the poor: JY Kim, JV Mullen, A Irwin, J Gershman (eds). Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000, pp. 584, $29.95, ISBN: 1-56751-161-9. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30(3), 635. http://ije.oxfordjournals.org
  • Mackey, T. K., & Liang, B. a. (2012). A United Nations Global Health Panel for Global Health Governance. Social Science & Medicine. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.09.038
  • McMichael, A. J. et al. (2015). Climate change, food systems and population health risks in their eco-social context. Public Health, 129(10), 1361–1368. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2014.11.013
  • Methmann, C., & Rothe, D. (2012). Politics for the day after tomorrow: The logic of apocalypse in global climate politics. Security Dialogue, 43(4), 323–344. http://doi.org/10.1177/0967010612450746
  • Mulligan, K., Elliott, S. J., & Schuster-Wallace, C. (2012). The place of health and the health of place: Dengue fever and urban governance in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Health & Place, 18(3), 613–620.
  • Murray, E. J., Bond, V. A., Marais, B. J., Godfrey-Faussett, P., Ayles, H. M., Beyers, N., … Horwitz, P. (2011). The Increasing Currency and Relevance of Rights-Based Perspectives in the International Negotiations on Climate Change. Health Promotion International, 27(3), 391–429. http://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/2.3.311
  • Noyes, P. D., McElwee, M. K., Miller, H. D., Clark, B. W., Van Tiem, L. A., Walcott, K. C., … Levin, E. D. (2009). The toxicology of climate change: Environmental contaminants in a warming world. Environment International, 35(6), 971–986.
  • Oreskes, N., & Conway, E. M. (2010). Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. Bloomsbury Press.
  • Parkes, M. W., & Horwitz, P. (2009). Water, ecology and health: ecosystems as settings for promoting health and sustainability. Health Promotion International, 24(1), 94–102. http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/24/1/94
  • Cambio Climático, riesgos ambientales y desafíos para los programas de salud pública: un enfoque de bioétiCa global Poland, B., Dooris, M., & Haluza-Delay, R. (2011). Securing “supportive environments” for health in the face of ecosystem collapse: meeting the triple threat with a sociology of creative transformation. Health Promotion International, 26 Suppl 2, ii202-15. http://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dar073
  • Prüss-Üstün, A., & Corvalán C. (2006). Preventing disease through healthy environments. Towards an estimate of the environmental burden of disease. Geneva: World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf
  • Rahmstorf, S. (2012). Is journalism failing on climate? Environmental Research Letters, 7(4), 41003. http://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/041003
  • Rees, W. E. (2012). Cities as Dissipative Structures: Global Change and the Vulnerability of Urban Civilization. In M. P. Weinstein & R. E. Turner (Eds.), (pp. 247–273). Springer New York. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3188-6_12
  • Rodríguez-Priego, N., Montoro Ríos, F. J., & Georgantzís, N. (2014). Risk Perception And Commitment To Reduce Global Climate Change In Spain. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 72(1), 173–200. http://revintsociologia.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revintsociologia/article/viewFile/553/577
  • Shindell, D., Kuylenstierna, J. C. I., Vignati, E., van Dingenen, R., Amann, M., Klimont, Z., … Fowler, D. (2012).
  • Simultaneously Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change and Improving Human Health and Food Security. Science, 335(6065), 183–189. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1210026
  • Tirado, M. C., Clarke, R., Jaykus, L. A., McQuatters-Gollop, A., & Frank, J. M. (2010). Climate change and food safety: A review. Food Research International, 43(7), 1745–1765.
  • UNEP Report 2012. (2012). 21 Issues for the 21 Century Results of the UNEP Foresight Process on. Nairobi. http://www.unep.org/publications/ebooks/ForesightReport/
  • Vasseur, L., Rapport, D. J., & Hounsell, J. (2002). Chapter 9 Ecosystem Health and Human Health. In S. E. J. B. T.-U. and S. E. P. in the 21st Century (Ed.), (pp. 167–188). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
  • Walther, G.-R., Hughes, L., Vitousek, P., & Stenseth, N. C. (2005). Consensus on climate change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 20(12), 648–649. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.10.008
  • Watts, N., Adger, W. N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Bai, Y., Byass, P., Campbell-Lendrum, D., … Costello, A. (2016). The Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate change. The Lancet. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32124-9
  • Whitmee, S., Haines, A., Beyrer, C., Boltz, F., Capon, A. G., de Souza Dias, B. F., … Yach, D. (2015). Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health. The Lancet, 386(10007), 1973–2028. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1
  • WMO. (2017). WMO Statement on the Status of the Global Climate in 2016 (Vol. WMO-No. 11). Geneva. https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/library/wmo-statement-state-of-global-climate-2016
  • Zell, R., Krumbholz, A., & Wutzler, P. (2008). Impact of global warming on viral diseases: what is the evidence? Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19(6), 652–660.
  • Ziegler, C., Morelli, V., & Fawibe, O. (2017). Climate Change and Underserved Communities. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 44(1), 171–184. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2016.09.017