Impact of confinement on coping strategies and psychosocial factors among university students

  1. Carla Gutiérrez Lozano 1
  2. Inmaculada García Martínez 1
  3. José María Augusto Landa 2
  4. Samuel P. León 2
  1. 1 Universidad de Granada
    info

    Universidad de Granada

    Granada, España

    ROR https://ror.org/04njjy449

  2. 2 Universidad de Jaén
    info

    Universidad de Jaén

    Jaén, España

    ROR https://ror.org/0122p5f64

Revista:
EJIHPE: European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education

ISSN: 2174-8144,  2254-9625

Año de publicación: 2022

Volumen: 12

Número: 8

Páginas: 933-944

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.3390/EJIHPE12080067 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: EJIHPE: European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education

Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible

Resumen

The pandemic has had psychological effects on the university population. Factors such as emotional intelligence, coping strategies and levels of anxiety, depression and stress have been affected by the situation generated by COVID-19. This study aims to analyze how EI, coping strategies and levels of anxiety, depression and stress have been affected by the situation generated by the pandemic in a population of 567 students from the University of Jaén (Spain). For this purpose, we administered three instruments: the Wong and Law emotional intelligence scale (WLEIS), the Spanish version of the coping strategies inventory (CSI) and the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-21). At the same time, we asked students to describe their personal circumstances during confinement and their tendency to follow the measures and recommendations promoted by the Ministry of Health. The results obtained showed a positive relationship between EI and coping strategies and a negative relationship with levels of depression, anxiety and stress. A positive relationship was also found between coping and levels of anxiety, depression and stress. It was also found that the circumstances in which students experienced the period of confinement also modulated their levels of EI, coping strategies and their levels of depression, anxiety and stress.

€ Ver financiación

Información de financiación

Financiadores

  • Research Plan of University of Granada
    • PPJIA2021-28

Referencias bibliográficas

  • World Health Organization. Rolling Updates on Corona Virus Disease. Available online: https://www.who.int/emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-t (accessed on 15 June 2021).
  • World Health Organization. Mental Health and Psychosocial Considerations during the COVID-19 Outbreak (No. WHO/2019- nCoV/MentalHealth/2020.1); World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2020.
  • Cuadra-Martínez, D.; Castro-Carrasco, P.J.; Sandoval-Díaz, J.; Pérez-Zapata, D.; Mora Dabancens, D. COVID-19 and psychological behavior: A systematic review of the psychological effects of 21st century pandemics. Rev. Méd. Chile 2020, 148, 1139–1154.
  • Zhang, J.;Wu,W.; Zhao, X.; Zhang,W. Recommended psychological crisis intervention response to the 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak in China: A model ofWest China Hospital. Prec. Clin. Med. 2020, 3, 3–8.
  • Badshah, S.L.; Ullah, A.; Badshah, S.H.; Ahmad, I. Spread of Novel coronavirus by returning pilgrims from Iran to Pakistan. J. Travel Med. 2020, 27, 1–3.
  • Clay, J.M.; Parker, M.O. Alcohol use and misuse during the COVID-19 pandemic: A potential public health crisis? Lancet Public Health 2020, 5, e259.
  • Duan, L.; Zhu, G. Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry 2020, 7, 300–302.
  • Xiong, J.; Lipsitz, O.; Nasri, F.; Lui, L.M.W.; Gill, H.; Phan, L.; Chen-Li, D.; Iacobucci, M.; Ho, R.; Majeed, A.; et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. J. Affec. Disord. 2020, 277, 55–64.
  • Wang, C.; Zhao, H. The Impact of COVID-19 on Anxiety in Chinese University Students. Front. Psych. 2020, 11, 1168.
  • de Oliveira Araújo, F.J.; de Lima, L.S.A.; Cidade, P.I.M.; Nobre, C.B.; Neto, M.L.R. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 and its reverberation in global higher education and mental health. Psychiatry Res. 2020, 288, 112977.
  • Sahu, P. Closure of Universities Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact on Education and Mental Health of Students and Academic Staff. Cureus 2020, 12, e7541.
  • Mayer, J.D.; Caruso, D.R.; Salovey, P. The ability model of emotional intelligence: Principles and updates. Emot. Rev. 2016, 8, 290–300.
  • Brackett, M.A.; Rivers, S.E.; Salovey, P. Emotional intelligence: Implications for personal, social, academic, and workplace success. Soc. Person. Psych. Compass 2011, 5, 88–103.
  • García-Martínez, I.; Augusto-Landa, J.M.; Quijano-López, R.; León, S.P. Self-Concept as a Mediator of the Relation Between University Students' Resilience and Academic Achievement. Front. Psych. 2021, 12, 747168.
  • Luque-Reca, O.; García-Martínez, I.; Pulido-Martos, M.; Burguera, J.L.; Augusto-Landa, J.M. Teachers’ life satisfaction: A structural equation model analyzing the role of trait emotion regulation, intrinsic job satisfaction and affect. Teach. Teach. Educ. 2022, 113, 103668.
  • García-Martínez, I.; Pérez-Navío, E.; Pérez-Ferra, M.; Quijano-López, R. Relationship between emotional intelligence, educational achievement and academic stress of pre-service teachers. Behav. Sci. 2021, 11, 95.
  • Mayer, J.D.; Salovey, P. What is emotional intelligence? In Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Educational Implications; Salovey, P., Sluyter, D., Eds.; Basic Books: New York, NY, USA, 1997; pp. 3–31.
  • Folkman, S.; Lazarus, R.S. Personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis. J. Person. Soc. Psych. 1984, 46, 839–852.
  • Martínez, I.M.; Salanova, M. Recursos personales: Inteligencia emocional y afrontamiento. In Psicología de la Salud Ocupacional; Síntesis: Madrid, Spain, 2009; pp. 123–147.
  • Echeburúa, E.; Amor, P.J. Memoria traumática: Estrategias de afrontamiento adaptativas e inadaptativas. Ter. Psicol. 2019, 37, 71–80.
  • Prentice, C.; Zeidan, S.; Wang, X. Personality, trait EI and coping with COVID 19 measures. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduc. 2020, 51, 101789.
  • Carver, C.S.; Connor-Smith, J. Personality and Coping. Annu. Rev. Psych. 2010, 61, 679–704.
  • Zeidner, M.; Matthews, G.; Roberts, R. Emotional intelligence, coping with stress, and adaptation. In Emotional Intelligence in Everyday Life: A Scientific Inquiry; Ciarrochi, J., Forgas, J., Mayer, J.D., Eds.; Psychology Press: New York, NY, USA, 2006; pp. 100–127.
  • Balluerka Lasa, N.; Gómez Benito, J.; Hidalgo Montesinos, M.D.; Gorostiaga Manterola, A.; Espada Sánchez, J.P.; Padilla García, J.L.; Santed Germán, M.Á. Las Consecuencias Psicológicas de la COVID-19 y el Confinamiento; Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad del País Vasco: Bizkaia, Spain, 2020.
  • Suárez Alonso, A.G. La salud mental en tiempos de la COVID-19. Rev. Españ. De Salud Públ. 2020, 94, e1–e2.
  • Wang, Y.X.; Guo, H.T.; Du, X.W.; Song,W.; Lu, C.; Hao,W.N. Factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder of nurses exposed to corona virus disease 2019 in China. Medicine 2020, 99, e20965.
  • Reyes, V.d.l.C.R.; Paredes, N.C.; Castillo, A.L.G. Efectos de la COVID-19 en la salud mental de la población. Rev. Habanera De Cienc. Médicas 2020, 19, 1–11.
  • Wang, C.; Riyu, P.; Xiaoyang, W.; Yilin, T.; Linkang, X.; Cyrus, S.H.; Roger, C.H. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1729. Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7 084952/ (accessed on 21 November 2021).
  • Sun, L.; Sun, Z.; Wu, L.; Zhu, Z.; Zhang, F.; Shang, Z.; Jia, Y.; Gu, J.; Zhou, Y.; Wang, Y.; et al. Prevalence and risk factors for acute posttraumatic stress disorder during the COVID-19 outbreak. J. Affect. Disor. 2021, 283, 123–129.
  • Asmundson, G.J.; Taylor, S. Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. J. Anxiety Disor. 2020, 70, 102196.
  • Orgilés, M.; Morales, A.; Delvecchio, E.; Mazzeschi, C.; Espada, J.P. Immediate Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Quarantine in Youth from Italy and Spain. Front. Psych. 2020, 11, 1–10.
  • Rodríguez-Rey, R.; Garrido-Hernansaiz, H.; Collado, S. Psychological Impact and Associated Factors During the Initial Stage of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic among the General Population in Spain. Front. Psych. 2020, 11, 1540.
  • Vintila, M.; Tudorel, O.I.; Stefanut, A.; Ivanoff, A.; Bucur, V. Emotional distress and coping strategies in COVID-19 anxiety. Curr. Psychol. 2022, 47, 1–10.
  • Craven, J. Stress, COVID-19 Affecting College Students’ Mental Health, Medscape Medical News, 2020. Available online: https: //www.medscape.com/viewarticle/934452(accessed on 21 November 2021).
  • Pérez-López-López, E.; Atochero, A.V.; Rivero, S.C. Educación a distancia en tiempos de COVID-19: Análisis desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes universitarios the perspective of university students. RIED. Rev. Iberoam. Educa. Distancia 2021, 24, 331–350.
  • Marco-Ahulló, A.; Villarrasa-Sapiña, I.; Monfort-Torres, G. Descriptive study on gender differences in academic stress derived from the COVID-19 context in a Spanish university population. Retos 2022, 43, 845–851.
  • Piya, F.L.; Amin, S.; Das, A.; Kabir, M.A. Impacts of COVID-19 on the Education, Life and Mental Health of Students in Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 785.
  • Odriozola-González, P.; Planchuelo-Gómez, Á.; Irurtia, M.J.; de Luis-García, R. Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish university. Psychiat. Res. 2020, 290, 113108.
  • Padrón, I.; Fraga, I.; Vieitez, L.; Montes, C.; Romero, E. A Study on the Psychological Wound of COVID-19 in University Students. Front. Psych. 2021, 12, 1–15.
  • Prieto-Egido, M. La psicologización de la educación: Implicaciones pedagógicas de la inteligencia emocional y la psicología positiva. Educ. XX1 2018, 21, 303–320.
  • Enns, A.; Eldridge, G.D.; Montgomery, C.; Gonzalez, V.M. Perceived stress, coping strategies, and emotional intelligence: A cross-sectional study of university students in helping disciplines. Nurse Educ. Today 2018, 68, 226–231.
  • Puigbó, J.; Edo, S.; Rovira, T.; Limonero, J.T.; Fernández-Castro, J. Influence of the perceived emotional intelligence on the coping of the daily stress. Ansiedad Y Estres 2019, 25, 1–6.
  • Servidio, R.; Scaffidi Abbate, C.; Costabile, A.; Boca, S. Future Orientation and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Italian University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Resilience and the Perceived Threat of COVID-19. Healthcare 2022, 10, 974.
  • Spanish Institute of Statistics. Official Data Regarding the Spanish Population by Sex. Available online: https://www.ine.es/ jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=2852 (accessed on 21 November 2021).
  • Wong, C.S.; Law, K.S. The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Lead. Quart. 2002, 13, 243–274.
  • Extremera, N.; Rey, L.; Sánchez-Álvarez, N. Validation of the spanish version of the wong law emotional intelligence scale (WLEIS-S). Psicothema 2019, 31, 94–100.
  • Tobin, D.L.; Holroyd, K.A.; Reynolds, R.V.; Wigal, J.K. The Hierarchical Factor Structure of Coping Strategies Inventory. Cognit. Ther. Res. 1989, 13, 343–361.
  • Lovibond, P.F.; Lovibond, S.H. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav. Res. Ther. 1995, 33, 335–343.
  • World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA 2013, 310, 2191–2194.
  • Jamovi Project. Jamovi, Versión 0.9; [Computer Software]. 2018. Available online: https://www.jamovi.org (accessed on 21 November 2021).
  • Rosseel, Y. Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more. Version 0.5–12 (BETA). J. Stat. Softw. 2012, 48, 1–36.
  • Revelle, W. Psych: Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research; R Package. 2019. Available online: https: //cran.r-project.org/package=psych (accessed on 21 November 2021).
  • Beaujean, A.A. Latent Variable Modeling Using R: A Step-by-Step Guide; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2014.
  • Hair, J.; Black,W.; Babin, B.; Anderson, R. Multivariate Data Analysis; Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2010.
  • Jahan, S.S.; Nerali, J.T.; Parsa, A.D.; Kabir, R. Exploring the Association between Emotional Intelligence and Academic Performance and Stress Factors among Dental Students: A Scoping Review. Dent. J. 2022, 10, 67.
  • Schutte, N.S.; Malouff, J.M.; Thorsteinsson, E.B.; Bhullar, N.; Rooke, S.E. A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship between emotional intelligence and health. Personal. Ind. Differ. 2007, 42, 921–933.
  • Lopes, A.R.; Nihei, O.K. Depression, anxiety and stress symptoms in Brazilian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Predictors and association with life satisfaction, psychological well-being and coping strategies. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0258493.
  • García-Martínez, I.; Landa, J.M.A.; León, S.P. The mediating role of engagement on the achievement and quality of life of university students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6586.
  • Meléndez, J.C.; Delhom, I.; Satorres, E. El poder de la inteligencia emocional sobre la resiliencia en adultos mayores. Ansiedad Y Estrés 2019, 25, 14–19.
  • Carmona-Moya, B.; Ruiz, C.; Aguilar-Luzón, M.d.C. Psychoenvironmental and cognitive factors of women’s emotional states during confinement due to Covid-19. Stud. Psych. 2021, 42, 545–571.
  • Rossi, R.; Socci, V.; Talevi, D.; Mensi, S.; Niolu, C.; Pacitti, F.; Di Marco, A.; Rossi, A.; Siracusano, A.; Di Lorenzo, G. COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Measures Impact on Mental Health among the General Population in Italy. Front. Psychiat. 2020, 11, 790.
  • Moreira, D.N.; da Costa, M.P. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in the precipitation of intimate partner violence. Int. J. Law Psychiat. 2020, 71, 101606.
  • Ueda, M.; Stickley, A.; Sueki, H.; Machubayashi, T. Mental Health Status of the General Population in Japan during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychiat. Clin. Neurosci. 2020, 74, 1–2.
  • Huang, Y.; Zhao, N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiat. Res. 2020, 288, 112954.
  • Mazza, C.; Ricci, E.; Biondi, S.; Colasanti, M.; Ferracuti, S.; Napoli, C.; Roma, P. A Nationwide Survey of Psychological Distress among Italian People during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3165.
  • Daks, J.; Peltz, J.S.; Rogge, R.D. Psychological flexibility and inflexibility as sources of resiliency and risk during a pandemic: Modeling the cascade of COVID-19 stress on family systems with a contextual behavioral science lens. J. Contextual Behav Sci. 2020, 18, 16–27.
  • Matthews, G.; Lin, J.; Zeidner, M.; Roberts, R.D. Emotional intelligence and giftedness. In APA Handbook of Giftedness and Talent; Pfeiffer, S., Ed.; American Psychological Association: Washington, DC, USA, 2017; pp. 585–600.
  • Di Fabio, A.; Kenny, M.E. Promoting Emotional Intelligence and Career Decision Making among Italian High School Students. J. Career Assess. 2011, 19, 21–34.
  • Sarrionandia, A.; Garaigordobil, M. Efectos de un programa de inteligencia emocional en factores socioemocionales y síntomas psicosomáticos. Rev. Latinoam. De Psicol. 2017, 49, 110–118.
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet