AMMSA-21:a revised version of the Acceptance of Modern Myths About Sexual Aggression Scale in English, German, Polish and Spanish

  1. Gerd Bohner
  2. Alexa Weiss
  3. Cindy Schirch
  4. Lea Zöllner
  5. Aldona Lipińska
  6. María-José Sempere
  7. Jesús L. Megías
Revista:
International Journal of Social Psychology, Revista de Psicología Social

ISSN: 0213-4748 1579-3680

Año de publicación: 2022

Volumen: 37

Número: 3

Páginas: 460-491

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: International Journal of Social Psychology, Revista de Psicología Social

Resumen

Los autores presentan una versión revisada de la escala Aceptación de Mitos Modernos sobre la Agresión Sexual (AMMSA-21), en cuatro idiomas (inglés, alemán, polaco, y español) y analizan su fiabilidad y validez (total N = 1,459). AMMSA-21 aborda temas que emergen en el discurso público reciente (por ejemplo, creencias sobre acusaciones falsas) y contenidos similares a los de la escala original (por ejemplo, antagonismo hacia las demandas de la víctima); con 21 ítems, es un 30% más corta que la escala original. Los análisis factoriales sugirieron que AMMSA-21 puede ser tratada como un constructo unidimensional. En las cuatro versiones idiomáticas, AMMSA-21 mostró una alta consistencia interna y validez de criterio (correlaciones positivas con sexismo hostil y benevolente, orientación a la dominancia social, autoritarismo de derechas); sus puntuaciones no se relacionaron con la deseabilidad. Además, AMMSA-21 predijo opiniones asociadas con culpar a la víctima y proclividad hacia la violación por parte de un conocido. Las diferencias medias entre las versiones en los diferentes idiomas (español < inglés = alemán < polaco) se discuten en términos de influencias culturales. En resumen, AMMSA-21 representa una medida fiable, válida y económica sobre los mitos contemporáneos acerca de las agresiones sexuales.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Bohner, G., Eyssel, F., & Süssenbach, P. (in press). Modern myths about sexual aggression: New methods and findings. In M. A. H. Horvath & J. M. Brown (Eds.), Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking 10 years on (2nd ed., pp. 10 years on (2nd ed., pp. 159171). Taylor & Francis/Routledge.159171).
  • Abrams, D., Viki, G. T. N., Masser, B., & Bohner, G. (2003). Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent and hostile sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(1), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.111
  • Altemeyer, B. (1988). Enemies of freedom: Understanding right-wing authoritarianism. Jossey‐Bass.
  • Bohner, G. (1998). Vergewaltigungsmythen [Rape myths]. Verlag Empirische Pädagogik.
  • Bohner, G., Eyssel, F., Pina, A., Siebler, F., & Viki, G. T. (2009). Rape myth acceptance: Cognitive, affective, and behavioural effects of beliefs that blame the victim and exonerate the perpetrator. In M. A. H. Horvath & J. M. Brown (Eds.), Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking (pp. 17–45). Willan.
  • Bohner, G., & Schapansky, E. (2018). Law students’ judgments of a rape victim’s statement: The role of displays of emotion and acceptance of sexual aggression myths. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 12, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.635
  • Borumandnia, N., Khadembashi, N., Tabatabaei, M., & Alavi Majd, H. (2020). The prevalence rate of sexual violence worldwide: A trend analysis. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1835. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09926-5
  • Brandt, M. J. (2011). Sexism and gender inequality across 57 societies. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1413–1418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611420445
  • Brislin, R. W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (pp. 137–164). Sage.
  • Burt, M. R. (1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.217
  • Carvacho, H., & Manzi, J. (2017, June 29–July 2). Does social dominance orientation predict moral transgressions? A mediation model [Paper presentation]. Annual Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology (ISPP), Edinburgh, Scotland. https://ispp.org/meetings/2017-edinburgh/
  • Clay, L. A. (2019). The news through Facebook: Discovering the prevalence of rape myths in user comments [Doctoral dissertation]. Nova Southeastern University. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/fse_etd/185/
  • Courtois, R., Schlegel, A., Bonhommet, J., Doineau, E., Bertsch, I., Potard, C., & Pham, T. (2021). Validation française de l’échelle de l’adhésion aux mythes modernes sur l’agression sexuelle (AMMSA) et attachement au partenaire auprès d’étudiants et d’auteurs de violence conjugale [French validation of the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale (AMMSA) and experience of close relationships with students and perpetrators of domestic violence]. L’Encéphale, 47(6), 554–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2020.11.010
  • Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047358
  • Dilip, D., & Bates, L. (2021). Sexual violence and mental health among college students in the era of #MeToo. Violence and Gender, 8(1), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2020.0033
  • Eckes, T., & Six-Materna, I. (1999). Hostilität und Benevolenz: Eine Skala zur Erfassung des ambivalenten Sexismus [Hostility and benevolence: A scale measuring ambivalent sexism]. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 30(4), 211–228. https://doi.org/10.1024//0044-3514.30.4.211
  • European Institute for Gender Equality. (2020). Gender equality index. EIGE. https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/2020
  • Expósito, F., Moya, M. C., & Glick, P. (1998). Sexismo ambivalente: Medición y correlatos [Ambivalent sexism: Measurement and correlates]. Revista de Psicología Social, 13(2), 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1174/021347498760350641
  • Eyssel, F., Bohner, G., Süssenbach, P., & Schreiber, P. (2009). Neuentwicklung und Validierung eines szenariobasierten Verfahrens zur Erfassung der Neigung zu sexueller Aggression [Development and validation of a scenario-based measure of sexual aggression proclivity]. Diagnostica, 55(2), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924.55.2.117
  • Eyssel, F., & Bohner, G. (2011). Schema effects of rape myth acceptance on judgments of guilt and blame in rape cases: The role of perceived entitlement to judge. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(8), 1579–1605. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510370593
  • Ferrando, P. J., & Chico, E. (2000). Adaptación y análisis psicométrico de la escala de deseabilidad social de Marlowe y Crowne [Adaptation and psychometric analysis of the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale]. Psicothema, 12(3), 383–389. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=72712309
  • Funke, F. (2005). The dimensionality of right‐wing authoritarianism: Lessons from the dilemma between theory and measurement. Political Psychology, 26(2), 195–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14679221.2005.00415.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14679221.2005.00415.x
  • Gerger, H., Kley, H., Bohner, G., & Siebler, F. (2007). The acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression (AMMSA) scale: Development and validation in German and English. Aggressive Behavior, 33(5), 422–440. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20195
  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491
  • Gul, P., & Schuster, I. (2020). Judgments of marital rape as a function of honor culture, masculine reputation threat, and observer gender: A cross-cultural comparison between Turkey, Germany, and the UK. Aggressive Behavior, 46(4), 341–353. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21893
  • Hantzi, A., Lampridis, E., Tsantila, K., & Bohner, G. (2015). Validation of the Greek acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression (AMMSA) scale: Examining its relationships with sexist and conservative political beliefs. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 9(1), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.4119/IJCV-3072
  • Helmke, S., Kobusch, P.-R., Rees, J. H., Meyer, T., & Bohner, G. (2014). Beliefs about the Strauss-Kahn case in France and Germany: Political orientation and sexual aggression myths as local versus global predictors. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 8(1), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.4119/ijcv-3052
  • Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Kteily, N., Sheehy-Skeffington, J., Pratto, F., Henkel, K. E., Foels, R., & Stewart, A. L. (2015). The nature of social dominance orientation: Theorizing and measuring preferences for intergroup inequality using the new SDO(7) scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(6), 1003–1028. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000033
  • Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447
  • Imakita, T., Kawamura, Y., Mogami, T., Saito, A., Koga, S., Okano, T., & Bohner, G. (2019). A new scale to measure dysfunctional beliefs about sexual violence: Development of a Japanese version of the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale (AMMSA). Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association, 83, 3A-025-3A–025. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pacjpa/83/0/83_3A-025/_article/-char/ja/
  • Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 339–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339
  • Kelly, L., & Lovett, J. (2009). Different systems, similar outcomes? Tracking attrition in reported rape cases in eleven countries. EU-Daphne, child and woman abuse studies Unit: European briefing. The European Commission. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.546.7941&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Khokhlova, O., & Bohner, G. (2020). A Russian version of the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale: Validation with a female online sample. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 13(2), 121–139. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2020.0209
  • Korkmaz, B. (2022). Rape myth acceptance in Turkey: Psychometric properties of the revised Turkish version of the Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression Scale [Unpublished manuscript]. Department of Psychology, Uludağ University.
  • McKimmie, B. M., Masser, B. M., Nitschke, F., Lee, H., & Schuller, R. A. (2020). The impact of schemas on decision-making in cases involving allegations of sexual violence. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 32(4), 420–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2020.1829780
  • McMahon, S., & Farmer, G. L. (2011). An updated measure for assessing subtle rape myths. Social Work Research, 35(2), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/35.2.71
  • Megías, J. L., Romero-Sánchez, M., Durán, M., Moya, M., & Bohner, G. (2011). Spanish validation of the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale (AMMSA). The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 912–925. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2011.v14.n2.37
  • Meng, X. ‐., Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1992). Comparing correlated correlation coefficients. Psychological Bulletin, 111(1), 172–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/00332909.111.1.172. https://doi.org/10.1037/00332909.111.1.172
  • Mikołajczak, M., & Pietrzak, J. (2014). Ambivalent sexism and religion: Connected through values. Sex Roles, 70(9–10), 387–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0379-3
  • Milesi, P., Süssenbach, P., Bohner, G., & Megías, J. L. (2020). The interplay of modern myths about sexual aggression and moral foundations in the blaming of rape victims. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(1), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2622
  • Musch, J., Brockhaus, R., & Bröder, A. (2002). Ein Inventar zur Erfassung von zwei Faktoren sozialer Erwünschtheit [An inventory for assessing two factors of social desirability]. Diagnostica, 48(3), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924.48.3.121
  • O’Connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32(3), 396–402. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200807
  • O’Reilly, J., Nazio, T., & Roche, J. M. (2014). Compromising conventions: Attitudes of dissonance and indifference towards full-time maternal employment in Denmark, Spain, Poland and the UK. Work, Employment and Society, 28(2), 168–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017013491307
  • Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Manual for the balanced inventory of desirable responding. Multi-Health Systems.
  • Payne, D. L., Lonsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1999). Rape myth acceptance: Exploration of its structure and its measurement using the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 33(1), 27–68. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1998.2238
  • Prüfer, P., & Rexroth, M. (2005). Kognitive Interviews [Cognitive interviews] (GESIS-How-to, 15). Zentrum für Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen (ZUMA). https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-201470
  • Radkiewicz, P. (2011). Ile jest autorytaryzmu w prawicowym autorytaryzmie? Krytyka użyteczności narzędzia pomiaru [How much authoritarianism is there in right-wing authoritarianism? Critique of the usefulness of the measurement tool]. Psychologia Społeczna, 6(17), 97–112.
  • Sacks, M., Ackerman, A. R., & Shlosberg, A. (2018). Rape myths in the media: A content analysis of local newspaper reporting in the United States. Deviant Behavior, 39(9), 1237–1246. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2017.1410608
  • Saldarriaga, L., Boege, R., Rees, J., Koller, C., Carvacho, H., & Bohner, G. (2017, September 4-6). German translation and validation of the SDO-7 scale. In 16th Tagung der Fachgruppe Sozialpsychologie. Paper presentation.
  • Saldarriaga, L., Rocha, C., Castro, D., Jiménez-Moya, G., Carvacho, H., & Bohner, G. (2020). Sexual violence victimization among undergraduates at a Chilean university. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 14(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4119/IJCV-3776
  • Sirvent Garcia Del Valle, E. (2020). Acceptability of sexual violence against women in Spain: Demographic, behavioral, and attitudinal correlates. Violence Against Women, 26(10), 1080–1100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219854536
  • Süssenbach, P., & Bohner, G. (2011). Acceptance of sexual aggression myths in a representative sample of German residents. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4), 374–385. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20390
  • Süssenbach, P., Bohner, G., & Eyssel, F. (2012). Schematic influences of rape myth acceptance on visual information processing: An eye-tracking approach. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(3), 660–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.005
  • Süssenbach, P., Albrecht, S., & Bohner, G. (2017). Implicit judgments of rape cases: An experiment on the determinants and consequences of implicit evaluations in a rape case. Psychology, Crime & Law, 23(3), 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2016.1247160
  • Swim, J. K., Aikin, K. J., Hall, W. S., & Hunter, B. A. (1995). Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(2), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.199
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
  • United Nations (2020). The world’s women 2020: Trends and statistics. https://worlds-women-2020-data-undesa.hub.arcgis.com/
  • Van der Bruggen, M., & Grubb, A. (2014). A review of the literature relating to rape victim blaming: An analysis of the impact of observer and victim characteristics on attribution of blame in rape cases. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(5), 523–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.07.008
  • Zinczuk, J., & Draheim, S. E. (2009). Represywny styl radzenia sobie z bodźcami zagrażającymi a samooszukiwanie [The repressive style of coping with threatening stimuli versus self-deception]. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 15(1), 23–41. http://www.czasopismopsychologiczne.pl/artykul/represywny-styl-radzenia-sobie-z-bodcami-zagraajcymi-a-samooszukiwanie1,649