Education and entrepreneurship among women entrepreneurs in Uganda. A case study from the cities of Kampala and Wakiso

  1. Olga Margret Maria Namasembe 1
  2. Roser Manzanera-Ruiz 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Granada (España)
Journal:
Revista Iberoamericana de Estudios de Desarrollo= Iberoamerican Journal of Development Studies

ISSN: 2254-2035

Year of publication: 2022

Issue Title: SDGs from the International Law Theory Perspective

Volume: 11

Issue: 2

Pages: 290-311

Type: Article

DOI: 10.26754/OJS_RIED/IJDS.688 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

More publications in: Revista Iberoamericana de Estudios de Desarrollo= Iberoamerican Journal of Development Studies

Abstract

Studies on the interrelationship between women’s education, business and entrepreneurial motivations in sub-Saharan Africa are scarce. In this research, it is related women’s educational levels, initiatives, and motivations for entrepreneurship in Uganda. A qualitative approach was used. Hundred nine women entrepreneurs in the agricultural sector were interviewed. It concludes with the relationship between educational level, types of business and entrepreneurial motivations of Ugandan women to appreciate their diversity and differences. A better understanding of these can help policy makers and practitioners to assess whether their programmes are achieving their objectives and contribute to improved development efforts in this area.

Bibliographic References

  • ALINDA, F; NDUHURA, A; MUKASA, R (2018). Promoting entrepreneurship through the mind-set change approach: Empirical evidence from women entrepreneurs in Uganda. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management 4(10): 415-426. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330999099_Promoting_ Entrepreneurship_Through_Mindset_Change_Approach_Empirical_Evidence_ from_Women_Entrepreneurs_in_Uganda, acceso 11 de abril de 2022.
  • ASARE, R; AKUFFOBEA, M; QUAYE, W; ATTA-ANTWI, K (2015). Characteristics of micro, small and medium enterprises in Ghana: Gender and implications for economic growth. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 7(1):26-35. http://csirspace.csirgh.com/bitstream/handle/123456789/993/ Characteristics%20of%20micro,%20small%20and%20medium%20enterprises%20in%20Ghana-%20gender%20and%20implications%20for%20economic%20growth.pdf?sequence=1, acceso 10 de abril de 2022.
  • ASIO, R; MUBATSI, AH (2009). To keep or end the 1.5 free points for varsity girls? The Independent. https://www.independent.co.ug/keep-end-1-5-free-pointsvarsity-girls/, acceso 18 de febrero de 2021.
  • BASALIRWA, E; GOUGH, K; BALUNYWA, W (2016). Entrepreneurship education in Uganda. En: Gough KV, Langevang T (eds.). Young entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa, pp. 248-262. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/oa-edit/10.4324/97813 15730257-26/entrepreneurship-education-uganda-edith-mwebaza-basalirwa-katherine-gough-waswa-balunywa, acceso 9 de abril de 2022.
  • BLATTMAN, C; RALSTON, L (2015). Generating employment in poor and fragile states: Evidence from labour market and entrepreneurship programs. Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract _id=2622220, acceso 8 de abril de 2022.
  • BOLDUREANU, G; IONESCU, A; BERCU, AM; GRIGORUTA, BMV; BOLDUREANU, D (2020). Entrepreneurship education through successful entrepreneurial models in higher education institutions. Sustainability 12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339198654_Entrepreneurship_Education_through_Successful_Entrepreneurial_Mo-dels_in_Higher_Education_Institutions, acceso 10 de abril de 2022.
  • BRUSH, CG; COOPER, SY (2012). Female entrepreneurship and economic development: an international perspective. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 24(1-2):1-6. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985626.2012. 637340, acceso 12 de abril de 2022.
  • CARTER, SL; SHAW, E (2006). Women business ownership: recent research and policy developments (Report No. 8962). Small Business Service. https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/8962/, acceso 19 de enero de 2022.
  • CHEN, M; CARRE, F (2020). The Informal Economy Revisited: Examining the Past, Envisioning the Future. Routledge, Londres.
  • CHO, Y; HONORATI, M (2013). Entrepreneurship Programs in Developing Countries: A Meta regression analysis (Discussion Paper No. 7333). Institute for the Study of Labour. http://ftp.iza.org/dp7333.pdf, acceso 20 de marzo de 2021.
  • CRESWELL, JW (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research, 4.ª ed. Pearson, Boston (Massachusetts).
  • DARLEY, WK; BLANKSON, C (2008). African culture and business markets: implications for marketing practices. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 23(6):374- 383. https://www.academia.edu/20717541/African_culture_and_business_markets_implications_for_marketing_practices, acceso 11 de abril de 2022.
  • DOSS, C (2013). Intra-household bargaining and resource allocation in developing countries. The World Bank Research Observer 28(1):52-78. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/12240/wps6337.pdf, acceso 7 de abril de 2022.
  • FITZGERALD, LM (2020). Weaving formal teacher education with non-formal environmental education: making a career transition. En: Edge CU, Cameron-Standerford A, Bergh B (eds.). Textiles and Tapestries: Self-Study for Envisioning New Ways of Knowing, capítulo 23. EdTech Books. https://edtechbooks.org/ textiles_tapestries_self_study/chapter_23, acceso 8 de abril de 2022.
  • FORSTER, T; KENTIKELENIS, AE; REINSBERG, B; STUBBS, TH; KING, LP (2019). How structural adjustment programs affect inequality: a disaggregated analysis of IMF conditionality, 1980-2014. Journal of Social Science Research 80:83-113. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330375996_How_structural_adjustment_programs_affect_ine-quality_A_disaggregated_analysis_of_IMF_ conditionality_1980-2014, acceso 11 de abril de 2022.
  • GULOBA, M; SEWANYANA, S; BIRABWA, E (2017). Rural women entrepreneurship in Uganda: a synthesis report on policies, evidence, and stakeholders (Report No. 257815). Economic Policy Research Centre. http://library.health.go.ug/publications/policy-documents/rural-women-entrepreneurship-uganda-synthesis-report-policies-evidence, acceso 19 de enero de 2022.
  • GUMA, KP (2015). Business in the urban informal economy: barriers to women’s entrepreneurship in Uganda, Journal of African Business 16(3):305-321. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282839480_Business_in_the_urban_informal_economy_ba-rriers_to_women’s_entrepreneurship_in_Uganda, acceso 10 de abril de 2022.
  • HAILEMARIAM, AT (2018). Women Entrepreneurs in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective. The Case of Ethiopia. https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/ portalfiles/portal/26777867/Hailemariam_Women_03_07_2018.pdf, acceso 7 de abril de 2022.
  • HEALTHBRIDGE (2020). Report on Local Markets in Kampala. https://healthbridge. ca/dist/library/Uganda_Market_Report_Jan18_compressed.pdf, acceso 30 de octubre de 2021.
  • IWU, CG, ETIM, E (2019). A descriptive literature review of the continued marginalisation of female entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Gender Studies in Developing Societies 3(1). https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/330061400_A_descriptive_literature_review_of_the_continued_ marginalisation_of_female_entrepre-neurs_in_sub-Saharan_Africa, acceso 9 de abril de 2022.
  • KAMULI, E; YOUNGER, M; WARRINGTON, M (2012). Gender in East Africa: What keeps girls in primary school in Uganda? An exploration of the factors that enable girls’ retention in Bududa and Nakapiripirit (Report No. 12). Centre for Commonwealth Education. https://www.educ.cam.ac.uk/centres/archive/cce/ publications/CCE%20Report%20No%2012_Gender%20Report7%20final.pdf, acceso 19 de enero de 2022.
  • KANYEHEYO, MI (2015). The Crippling Dilemma of Graduate Youth Unemployment. The New Vision. https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1319320/crippling-dilemma-graduate-, acceso 30 de noviembre de 2020.
  • KAYONGO, E; KAWOOYA, I; MIJUMBI-DEVE, R (2019). The causes of school dropout at the transition between primary to secondary school and possible control measures. Acres. https://acres.or.ug/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/final-causes-of-school-drop-out.pdf, acceso 21 de junio de 2021.
  • KISLOVA, A (2020). Role of informal education supported by social networks and internet platforms in the development of the Anti-Corruption Movement in Russia. En: Brown M, Mhichil GM, Beirne M, Costello E (eds.). Proceedings of the 2019 ICDE World Conference on Online Learning (1). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eamon-Coste-llo/publication/342109094_Proceedings_of_ the_2019_ICDE_World_Confe-rence_on_Online_Learning_Vol_1_Dublin_ City_University_Du-blin/links/5eece7b2458515814a6b4fe8/Proceedings-ofthe-2019-ICDE-World-Confe-rence-on-Online-Learning-Vol-1-Dublin-City-University-Dublin.pdf, acceso 7 de abril de 2022.
  • KOLODYCH, D; ZARZYCKA-DERTLI, EJ (2020). Development features of emotional intelligence in the conditions of informal education (cross cultural aspect). International Journal of Socialization and Human development 2(1). https://www. shdisj.com/index.php/shdisj/article/view/27/30, acceso 7 de abril de 2022.
  • KWESIGA, J (1996). Basic Education and the Elimination of Poverty. Social Watch Poverty Eradication and Gender Justice. https://www.socialwatch.org/node/ 10581, acceso 19 de julio de 2021.
  • MAHYOOB, M (2020). Challenges of e-Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic Experienced by EFL Learners. Arab World English Journal 11(4):351-362. https:// files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1287713.pdf, acceso 10 de abril de 2022.
  • MAINA, I; MARKS, Z (2020). Women and the changing face of entrepreneurship in Africa: policy brief on strengthening and scaling the next generation of women entrepreneurs in Africa. https://africa.harvard.edu/files/african-studies/files/ women_entrepreneurship_in_africa_policy_brief_-_next_generation_final.pdf, acceso 12 de abril de 2022.
  • MASTER CARD INDEX OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS (2019). Uganda, Ghana and Botswana have the highest percentage of business owners in the world [Press release]. https://newsroom.mastercard.com/mea/press-releases/ugandaghana-and-botswana-have-highest-percentage-of-women-business-ownersin-the-world-finds-mastercard-index/, acceso 8 de abril de 2022.
  • MBETEH, A; PELLEGRINI, M (2018). Entrepreneurship education in developing countries: a study on key challenges in Sierra Leone. En: Dana L-P RV (ed.). African Entrepreneurship -Challenges and Opportunities for Doing Business, pp. 89- 116. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325318548_Entrepreneurship _Education_in_Developing_Coun-tries_A_Study_of_the_Key_Challenges_in_ Sierra_Leone, acceso 8 de abril de 2022.
  • MCQUAID, K; VANDERBECK, MR; MBABAZI, B (2020). Girls have powers: Using research-led arts to connect policymaking with girls’ lived experiences in Uganda. Gender, Place & Culture. https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/158062/1/Girls %20have%20powers_Main%20Text_21Oct19%20with%20endnotes%20removed.pdf, acceso 9 de abril de 2022.
  • MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SPORTS (2012). Position paper for gender in education: proposed gender actions for mainstreaming gender in education 2012/2013. https://www.education.go.ug/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/POSITIONPAPERformainstreaminggenderineducation.pdf, acceso 12 de abril de 2021.
  • MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SPORTS (2015-2019). National Strategy for Girls’ Education in Uganda. https://www.prb.org/National-Strategy-for-Girls-Education-in-Uganda-2015-2019.pdf, acceso 12 de abril de 2021.
  • MINISTRY OF GENDER, LABOUR AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT [MoGLSD] (2019). Uganda Women Entrepreneurship Programme (UWEP): unlocking the business potential of the Ugandan woman. https://mglsd.go.ug//uwep/, acceso 5 de abril de 2021.
  • MINNITI, M; ARENIUS, P (2003). Women in entrepreneurship. Presented at the Entrepreneurial Advantage of Nations: First Annual Global Entrepreneurship Symposium. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230681247_Women_ in_Entrepreneurship, acceso 11 de abril de 2022.
  • MISKO, J (2008). Combining formal, non-formal and informal learning for workforce skill development. Australian Industry Group. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ ED503360.pdf, acceso 13 de abril de 2022.
  • MONTEITH, W; CAMFIELD, L (2019). Business as family, family as business: Female entrepreneurship in Kampala, Uganda. Geoforum 101:111-121. https://www. researchgate.net/publication/331715673_Business_as_family_family_as_ business_Female_entrepreneurship_in_Kampala_Uganda, acceso 10 de abril de 2022.
  • MUGABI, E (2014). Women’s entrepreneurship development in Uganda: Insights and recommendations. International Labour Organisation. https://www.ilo. org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---ifp_seed/documents/ publication/wcms_360427.pdf, acceso 16 de mayo de 2021.
  • MUGODA, S; ESAKU, S; NAKIMU, KR; BBAALE, E (2020). The portrait of Uganda’s informal sector: What main obstacles does the sector face? Cogent Economics and Finance 8(1). https://rif.mak.ac.ug/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/MAKRIF1-publication-2020.pdf, acceso 11 de abril de 2022.
  • MUKWAYA, J (2019). Women Unemployment High-Ubos. The Independent. https:// www.independent.co.ug/women-unemployment-high-ubos/, acceso 14 de junio de 2021.
  • MUPEDZISWA, R; RANKOPO, M; LENGWE-KATEMBULA, M (2019). Ubuntu as a Pan-African Philosophical Framework for Social Work in Africa. En: Twikirize JM, Spitzer H (eds.). Social Work Practice in Africa: Indigenous and Innovative Approaches, pp. 21-38. Fountain, Kampala.
  • MWESIGWA, A (2014). Uganda’s unemployed graduates held back by skills gap: leaders race against time to cater for disaffected generation whose qualifications do not meet the needs of the job market. The Guardian. https://www. theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jan/16/uganda-unemployedgraduates-held-back-skills-gap, acceso 11 de febrero de 2021.
  • NAMATOVU, R; DAWA, S; KATONGOLE, C; MULIRA, F (2012). Understanding women micro and small business entrepreneurs in Uganda (Research Report No. 01/12). ICBE-Research Fund. https://www.issuelab.org/resources/35019/ 35019.pdf, acceso 19 de enero de 2022.
  • NAMUKWAYA, VA; KIBIRIGE, I (2019). Parents’ perceptions of universal primary education in Kotido District. Uganda. Issues in Educational Research 29(2):502- 518. https://www.iier.org.au/iier29/namukwaya.pdf, acceso 11 de abril de 2022.
  • NANGOLI, S; TURINAWE, D; KITUYI, G; KUSEMERERWA, C; JAAZA, M (2013). Towards enhancing business survival and growth rates in LDCs: an exploratory study of the drivers of business failure among SMES in Kampala-Uganda. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 3(8):284-291. http://www.ijhssnet. com/journals/Vol_3_No_8_Special_Issue_April_2013/29.pdf, acceso 9 de abril de 2022.
  • NAROTZKY, S (2003). Economía y cultura: la dialéctica de la antropología económica. Quaderns de l’Institut Català d’Antropologia 19:133-143. https://raco.cat/index. php/Quadern-sICA/article/view/95568/163861, acceso 9 de abril de 2022.
  • NATIONAL CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT CENTRE [NCDC] (2014). Entrepreneurship Education in Uganda. https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2014-12/ECP_ Conf_Session_I_Uganda_11Nov2014_0.pdf, acceso 2 de agosto de 2021.
  • NONGO, N (2016). África de lo informal. Mundo negro. http://mundonegro.es/africa-lo-informal/, acceso 3 de julio de 2021.
  • NYOMBI, H (2016). Evolution of Uganda’s Economy and the Road to Middle Income Status. Uganda Media Centre. https://ugandamediacentreblog.wordpress. com/2016/11/24/evolution-of-ugandas-economy-and-the-road-to-middle-income-status/, acceso 3 de julio de 2021.
  • OKOTH, C (2019). Entrepreneurship to be made compulsory for S1 and S2. The New Vision. https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1505751/entrepreneurship-compulsory-s1, acceso 1 de febrero de 2021.
  • ONWUZULIGBO, TL; FAKIDOUMA, GA; NNABUIFE, KE (2019). Students’ entrepreneurial intentions and formal education: a study of selected universities in SouthSouth, Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Management Science Research 3(7):1-8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334825557_ Students’_Entrepreneurial_Intentions_and_Formal_Education_A_Study_of_ Selected_Universities_in_South-_South_Nigeria, acceso 11 de abril de 2022.
  • ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT [OCDE] (2015). Uganda Social Institutions and Gender Index Report. https://www. oecd.org/dev/development-gender/The%20Uganda%20SIGI%20Country%20 Study.pdf, acceso 19 de mayo de 2021.
  • RADAKOVIC, M; ANTONIJEVIC, S (2013). Balance between formal and informal learning ‒ experience and challenges of civil servants training in Serbia. https://www.nispa.org/files/conferences/2013/papers/201304151202190.Paper_Radakovic.pdf?fs_papersPage=4, acceso 8 de febrero 2022.
  • RAPOSO, M; DO PAÇO, A (2011). Entrepreneurship education: relationship between education and entrepreneurial activity. Psicothema 23(3):453-457. https:// www.psicothema.com/pdf/3909.pdf, acceso 7 de abril de 2022.
  • RUGASIRA, A (2016). Unpacking Uganda’s Informal Economy. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.ug/unpacking-ugandas-informal-sector/, acceso 13 de julio de 2021.
  • SANTANDER, P (2011). Por qué y cómo hacer análisis de discurso. Cinta de Moebio 41:207224. https://www.moebio.uchile.cl/41/santander.html, acceso 2 de octubre de 2021.
  • SARFARAZ, L; FAGHIH, N (2011). Women’s Entrepreneurship in Iran: a GEM based-data evidence. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research 1(1):45-57. https:// www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/42745106/womens-entrepreneurship-in-iran-a-gem-based-data-evidence, acceso 10 de abril de 2022.
  • SINGER, S; AMORÓS, E; MOSKA, D (2015). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (Global Report 2014). Gem Consortium. https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem2014-global-report, acceso 19 de enero de 2022.
  • SOOMRO, BA; SHAH, N (2015). Developing attitudes and intentions among potential entrepreneurs. Journal of Enterprise Information Management 28(2):304-322. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273351885_Developing_attitudes_ and_intentions_among_potential_entrepreneurs, acceso 8 de abril de 2022.
  • STEVENSON, L; ST-ONGE, A (2005). Support for Growth-Oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Uganda. International Labour Organization, Ginebra. https://www.ilo. org/empent/Publications/WCMS_219908/lang--en/index.htm, acceso 19 de enero de 2022.
  • TWIKIRIZE, MJ; SPITZER, H (2019). Social Work Practice in Africa: Indigenous and Innovative Approaches. Fountain, Kampala.
  • UGANDA BUREAU OF STATISTICS [UBOS] (2017). The National Population and Housing Census 2014. https://www.ubos.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/03_20182014_National_Census_Main_Report.pdf, acceso 10 de agosto de 2021.
  • UGANDA BUREAU OF STATISTICS [UBOS] (2020). Statistical abstract. https:// www.ubos.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/11_2020STATISTICAL__ABSTRACT_2020.pdf, acceso 19 de enero de 2022.
  • UNITED NATIONS [UN] (2015). Sustainable Development Goals. https://www. ug.undp.org/content/uganda/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html, acceso 10 de agosto de 2021.
  • UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S INTERNATIONAL EMERGENCY FUND [UNICEF] (2015). Situation Analysis of Children in Uganda. https://www.unicef.org/ uganda/media/1791/file, acceso 19 de enero de 2022.
  • UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME [PNUD] (2004). Human Development Report (2004). Oxford University Press. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/265/hdr_2004_complete.pdf, acceso 19 de enero de 2022.
  • VOSSENBERG, S (2013). Women entrepreneurship promotion in developing countries: what explains the gender gap in entrepreneurship and how to close it? (Working Paper No. 2013/08). Maastricht School of Management. https:// www.academia.edu/35426805/Women_Entrepreneurship_Promotion_in_Developing_Countries_What_explains_the_gender_gap_in_entrepreneurship_ and_how_to_close_it, acceso 11 de agosto de 2021.
  • WOLF, K; FRESE, M (2018). Why husbands matter: review of spousal influence on women entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa. Africa Journal of Management 4(1):1-32. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322834738_Why_husbands_ matter_Review_of_spousal_influence_on_women_entrepreneurship_in_ sub-Saharan_Africa, acceso 11 de abril de 2022.
  • XAVIER, RS; KELLEY, D; KEW, J; HERRINGTON, M; VORDERWÜLBECKE, A (2013). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (Global Report 2012). Gem Consortium. https:// www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2012-global-report, acceso 19 de enero de 2022.