Emotional impact and perceived effectiveness of text-only versus graphic health warning tobacco labels on adolescents

  1. Pedro Margalhos 1
  2. Francisco Esteves 2
  3. Jaime Vila 3
  4. Patrícia Arriaga 4
  1. 1 Instituto Superior Manuel Teixeira Gomes - ISMAT (Portugal)
  2. 2 Mid Sweden University
    info

    Mid Sweden University

    Sundsvall, Suecia

    ROR https://ror.org/019k1pd13

  3. 3 Universidad de Granada
    info

    Universidad de Granada

    Granada, España

    ROR https://ror.org/04njjy449

  4. 4 Instituto Universitário de Lisboa
    info

    Instituto Universitário de Lisboa

    Lisboa, Portugal

    ROR https://ror.org/014837179

Mostrar afiliaciones +
Revista:
The Spanish Journal of Psychology

ISSN: 1138-7416

Año de publicación: 2019

Número: 22

Páginas: 1-9

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.1017/SJP.2019.20 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: The Spanish Journal of Psychology

Resumen

The study of smoking in adolescence is of major importance as nicotine dependence often begins in younger groups. Tobacco health warnings have been introduced to inform people of the negative consequences of smoking. This study assessed the emotions and perceived effectiveness of two formats of tobacco warnings on adolescents: Text-only versus graphic warning labels. In addition, we analyzed how emotions predicted their perceived effectiveness. In a cross-sectional study, 413 adolescents (131 smokers, 282 non-smokers) between 13–20 years of age rated their emotions (valence and arousal) and perceived effectiveness towards a set of tobacco warnings. Results showed that graphic warnings evoked higher arousal than text-only warning labels (p = .038). Most of the warning labels also evoked unpleasantness with smokers reporting higher unpleasantness regarding text-only warnings compared to non-smokers (p = .002). In contrast, perceived effectiveness of the warnings was lower in smokers than in non-smokers (p = .029). Finally, high arousal and being a non-smoker explained 14% of the variance of perceiving the warnings more effective. Given the role that warnings may play in increasing health awareness, these findings highlight how smoking status and emotions are important predictors of the way adolescents consider tobacco health labels to be effective.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Andrews J. C, Netemeyer R. G., Burton S., & Kees J. (2016). Effects of plain package branding and graphic health warnings on adolescent smokers in the USA, Spain and France. Tobacco Control, 25, e120-e126. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052583 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052583
  • ASPECT Consortium (2004). Tobacco or health in the European Union: Past, present and future. Luxembourg, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • Bekalu M. A., Ramanadhan S., Bigman C. A., Nagler R. H., & Viswanath K. (2018). Graphic and arousing? Emotional and cognitive reactions to tobacco graphic health warnings and associated quit-related outcomes among low SEP population groups. Health Communication. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1434733
  • Bradley M. M., Codispoti M., Cuthbert B. N., & Lang P. J. (2001). Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing. Emotion, 1 (3), 276-298. https://doi.org/10.1037//1528-3542.1.3.276 10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276
  • Bradley M. M., & Lang P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The Self-Assessment Mannequin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25 (1), 49-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9 10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9
  • Crawford M. A., Balch G. I., Mermelstein R., & Group T. C. N. W. (2002). Responses to tobacco control policies among youth. Tobacco Control, 11 (1), 14-19. https://doi.org/10.1136/Tc.11.1.14 10.1136/tc.11.1.14
  • Cohen J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Routledge Academic.
  • Evans A. T., Peters E. Shoben A. B., Meilleur L. R., Klein E. G., Tompkins M. K., Tusler M. (2017). Cigarette graphic warning labels are not created equal: They can increase or decrease smokers' quit intentions relative to text-only warnings. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 19 (10), 1155-1162. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw389
  • Frijda N. H. (2010). Impulsive action and motivation. Biological Psychology, 84 (3), 570-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.005 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.005
  • Gendall P., Hoek J., & Gendall K. (2018). Evaluating the emotional impact of warning images on young adult smokers and susceptible non-smokers. Journal of Health Communication, 23 (3), 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2018.1440332 10.1080/10810730.2018.1440332
  • Hovland C., Janis I., & Kelly H. (1953). Communication and persuasion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Hammond D., Fong G. T., McDonald P. W., Brown K. S., & Cameron R. (2004). Graphic Canadian cigarette warning labels and adverse outcomes: Evidence from Canadian smokers. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 1442-1445. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.8.1442 10.2105/AJPH.94.8.1442
  • Haugtvedt C. P., Schumann D. W., Schneier W. L., & Warren W. L. (1994). Advertising repetition and variation strategies: Implications for understanding attitude strength. Journal of Consumer Research, 21 (1), 176-189. https://doi.org/10.1086/209391 10.1086/209391
  • Hitchman S. C., Mons U., Nagelhout G. E., Guignard R., Mcneill A., Fong G. T. (2012). Effectiveness of the European Union text-only cigarette health warnings: Findings from four countries. European Journal of Public Health, 22 (5), 693-699. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckr099 10.1093/eurpub/ckr099
  • Janis I. L. (1967). Effects of fear arousal on attitude change: Recent developments in theory and experimental research. In Berkowitz L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 166-225). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Johnston L. D., Miech R. A., O'Malley P. M., Bachman J. G., Schulenberg J. E., & Patrick M. E. (2018). Monitoring the future. National survey results on drug use 1975-2017: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.
  • Lang P. J. (1995). The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention. American Psychologist, 50 (5), 372-385. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.50.5.372 10.1037/0003-066X.50.5.372
  • Lang P. J. (2000). Emotion and motivation: Attention, perception, and action. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 22, S122-S140. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.22.s1.s122 10.1123/jsep.22.s1.s122
  • LaVoie N. R., Quick B. L., Riles J. M., & Lambert N. J. (2017). Are graphic cigarette warning labels an effective message strategy? A test of psychological reactance theory and source appraisal. Communication Research, 44 (3), 416-436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215609669 10.1177/0093650215609669
  • Liu J., Zhao S., Chen X., Falk E., & Albarracín D. (2017). The influence of peer behavior as a function of social and cultural closeness: A meta-analysis of normative influence on adolescent smoking initiation and continuation. Psychological Bulletin, 143 (10), 1082-1115. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000113 10.1037/bul0000113
  • McNeill A., Gravely S., Hitchman S., Bauld L., Hammond D., & Hartmann-Boyce J. (2018). Tobacco packaging design for reducing tobacco use: Cochrane systematic review. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 16 (1), A183. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/84186
  • Monárrez-Espino J., Liu B., Greiner F., Bremberg S., & Galanti R. (2014). Systematic review of the effect of pictorial warnings on cigarette packages in smoking behavior. American Journal of Public Health, 104 (10), e11-e30. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302129
  • Muñoz M. A., Viedma-del-Jesus M. I., Rossello F., Sanchez-Nacher N., Montoya P., & Vila J. (2013). The emotional impact of European tobacco-warning images. Tobacco Control, 22 (2), 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050070 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050070
  • Noar S. M., Hall M. G., Francis D. B., Ribisl K. M., Pepper J. K., & Brewer N. T. (2016). Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Tobacco Control, 25, 341-354. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051978 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051978
  • Pepper J. K., Cameron L. D., Reiter P. L., McRee A.-L., & Brewer N. T. (2013). Non-smoking male adolescents' reactions to cigarette warnings. PLoS ONE 8 (8), e65533. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065533 10.1371/journal.pone.0065533
  • Peters G.-J. Y., Ruiter R. A. C., & Kok G. (2013). Threatening communication: A critical reanalysis and a revised meta-analytic test of fear appeal theory. Health Psychology Review, 7, S8-S31. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2012.703527 10.1080/17437199.2012.703527
  • Samet J. M, Yoon S. Y., & World Health Organization Tobacco Free Initiative (2001). Women and the tobacco epidemic: Challenges for the 21st century. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
  • Tannenbaum M. B., Hepler J., Zimmerman R. S., Saul L., Jacobs S., Wilson K., & Albarracín D. (2015). Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories. Psychological Bulletin, 141 (6), 1178-1204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039729 10.1037/a0039729
  • Vardavas C. I., Connolly G., Karamanolis K., & Kafatos A. (2009). Adolescents perceived effectiveness of the proposed European graphic tobacco warning labels. European Journal of Public Health, 19 (2), 212-217. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckp015 10.1093/eurpub/ckp015
  • Wehbe M. S., Basil M., & Basil D. (2017). Reactance and coping responses to tobacco counter-advertisements. Journal of Health Communication, 22 (7), 576-583. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2017.1329853 10.1080/10810730.2017.1329853
  • Witte K., & Allen M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education & Behavior, 27, 591-615. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019810002700506 10.1177/109019810002700506
  • World Health Organization (2017). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2017: Monitoring tobacco use and prevention policies. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet