(Mis)Understandings of defence diplomacy as public diplomacyinsights from three Spanish elites

  1. Alberto Bueno 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Granada
    info

    Universidad de Granada

    Granada, España

    ROR https://ror.org/04njjy449

Revista:
Comunicación y sociedad = Communication & Society

ISSN: 2386-7876

Año de publicación: 2023

Volumen: 36

Número: 2

Páginas: 325-338

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.15581/003.36.2.325-338 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Comunicación y sociedad = Communication & Society

Resumen

Defence diplomacy and public diplomacy are two diplomatic practices often treated in the literature as two disconnected realms. While the former focuses on the peaceful and cooperative use of armed forces, the latter emphasizes on the advancement of strategic communication in the international policy of actors. However, it is possible to bridge the differences between the two using the concept of soft power. By doing so, defence public diplomacy can be understood as a set of practices developed by states seeking to influence and attract third states while employing military force within these parameters. This paper contributes firstly to the conceptual debate bridging both types of diplomacies. Secondly, it selects a case study, Spain, to examine the perceptions of three different Spanish elites involved in the formulation and implementation of defence public policy: politicians, the military and defence industry managers. This paper adopts a qualitative methodology, including in-depth interviews, focus groups with experts, and manual content analysis of primary documentary sources. The results show that these elites agree on the importance of defence diplomacy for the achievement of state goals but continue to understand it fundamentally from a classical diplomatic prism. They also discuss the inclusion of new concepts, such as deterrence, as part of a defence public diplomacy.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Allen, M., Flynn, C., Martínez, C. and Stravers, A. (2020). Outside the Wire: U.S. Military Deployments and Public Opinion in Host States. American Political Science Review, 114(2), 346-341. https://www.doi.org/10.1017/S0003055419000868
  • Arteaga, F. (2013). Spain. In H. Biehl, G. Bastian and A. Jonas (eds.), Strategic Cultures in Europe (pp. 333-342). Potsdam: Springer Vs.
  • Atkinson, C. (2014). Military soft power: Public diplomacy through military educational exchanges. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Bartolomé, M. C. (2017). Diplomacia de Defensa y Fuerzas Armadas Españolas en Iberoamérica. Revista de Estudios en Seguridad Internacional, 3(2), 261-280. https://www.doi.org/10.18847/1.6.14
  • Barkawi, T. (2015). Diplomacy, war, and world politics. In O. J. Sending, V. Pouliot and I. B. Neumann (Eds.), Diplomacy and the Making of World Politics (pp. 55-79). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Barkawi, T. (2011). “Defence diplomacy” in north-south relations. International Journal, 66(3), 597-612.
  • Blannin, P. (2017). Defence Diplomacy in the Long War. Brill Research Perspectives in Diplomacy and Foreign Policy, 2(1-2), 1-163. Retrieved from https://brill.com/view/journals/rpdf/2/1-2/article-p1_1.xml
  • Bueno, A. and Gallego-Cosme, M. (2021). La diplomacia de defensa de España en Iberoamérica: ¿una estrategia de poder blando? Methaodos. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 9(1), 27-44. https://www.doi.org/10.17502/mrcs.v9i1.435
  • Bueno, A. and Testoni, M. (2021). Spain and NATO. Punching below its weight? In M. Testoni (Ed.), NATO and Transatlantic Relations in the 21st Century. Foreign and Security Policy Perspectives (pp. 167-187). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Cheyre, J. E. (2015). Defence Diplomacy. In A. F. Cooper, J. Heine and R. Thakur (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy (pp. 369-382). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Colom-Piella, G. (2021). From transformation to adaptation: analysing the Spanish military change (2004-2020). Defence Studies, 21(1), 47-66. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2020.1851604
  • Cottey, A. and Foster, A. (2013). Reshaping defence diplomacy: New roles for military cooperation and assistance. London: Routledge.
  • Cull, N. J. (2008). Public diplomacy: Taxonomies and histories. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 31-54. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/0002716207311952
  • Drab, L. (2018). Defence diplomacy –an important tool for the implementation of foreign policy and security of the state. Security and Defence Quarterly, 20(3), 57-71. https://www.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.5152
  • Giegerich, B. (2016). Hybrid warfare and the changing character of conflict. Connections, 15(2), 65-72. https://www.doi.org/10.11610/Connections.15.2.05
  • Gray, C. S. (2000). Deterrence in the 21st century. Comparative Strategy, 19(3), 255-261. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/01495930008403211
  • Gregory, B. (2008). Public diplomacy: Sunrise of an academic field. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 274-290. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/0002716207311723
  • Hocking, B. (2016). Diplomacy and foreign policy. In C. M. Constantinou, P. Kerr and P. Sharp (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy (pp. 67-78). London: SAGE.
  • Hoffman, A. (1968). International Communication and the New Diplomacy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Horbyk, R. and Orlova, D. (2022). Transmedia storytelling and memetic warfare: Ukraine’s wartime public diplomacy. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 1-4. https://www.doi.org/10.1057/s41254-022-00283-1
  • IEEE (2016). Diplomacia de defensa: la defensa en la acción exterior del Estado. Documento de trabajo 1/2016. Retrieved from http://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs_trabajo/2016/DIEEET01-2016_DiplomaciaDefensa.pdf
  • Jordán, J. (2016). International Competition below the Threshold of War: Toward a Theory of Gray Zone Conflict. Journal of Strategic Security, 14(1), 1-24.
  • Karadag, H. (2016). Forcing the common good: The significance of public diplomacy in military affairs. Armed Forces and Society, 43(1), 72-91. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/0095327X16632334
  • Kennedy, G. (2020). Defense Engagement since 1900. Global Lessons in Soft Power. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
  • Laruelle, M. and Limonier, K. (2021). Beyond “hybrid warfare”: a digital exploration of Russia’s entrepreneurs of influence. Post-Soviet Affairs, 37(4), 318-335. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2021.1936409
  • Mahnken, T. G. (2003). The Future of Strategic Studies. Journal of Strategic Studies, 26(1), x-xviii. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/01402390308559305
  • Manfredi-Sánchez, J. L., Amado, A. and Gómez-Iniesta, P. (2022). State disinformation: emotions at the service of the cause. Communication and Society, 35(2), 205-221. https://www.doi.org/10.15581/003.35.2.205-221
  • Manfredi‐Sánchez, J. L. (2022). Thinking about Latin American public diplomacy. Latin American Policy, 13(1), 6-19. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12242
  • Manfredi-Sánchez, J. L. (2018). Diplomacia corporativa: la nueva inteligencia directiva. Barcelona: UOC.
  • Melissen, J. (2015). Public diplomacy. In A. F. Cooper, J. Heine and R. Thakur (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy (pp. 436-452). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Morgenthau, H. (1962). A Political Theory of Foreign Aid. American Political Sciences Review, 56(2), 301-309. https://www.doi.org/10.2307/1952366
  • Muthanna, K. (2011). Military Diplomacy. Journal of Defence Studies, 5(1), 1-15. Retrieved from https://idsa.in/system/files/jds_5_1_kamuthanna.pdf
  • Nye, J. S. (2019). Soft Power and Public Diplomacy Revisited. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 14, 7-20. https://www.doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-14101013
  • Nye, J. S. (2015). Hard, soft, and Smart power. In A. F. Cooper, J. Heine and R. Thakur (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy (pp. 559-574). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Nye, J. S. (2011). The Future of Power: Its Changing Nature and Use in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Nye, J. S. (2008). Public diplomacy and soft power. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 94-109. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/0002716207311699
  • Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft Power: The means to success in world politics. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Pajtinka, E. (2016). Military diplomacy and its present functions. Security Dimensions: International and National Studies, 20, 179-194. Retrieved from https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1836635.pdf
  • Reveron, D. S. (2007). Shaping and Military Diplomacy. The 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 30 August-2 September. Retrieved from http://www.faoa.org/resources/documents/apsa07_proceeding_210193.pdf
  • Rodrigues Balão, S. and de Almeida e Silva, T. (2021). Diplomacy in the Context of Political Science, International Relations and Strategic Studies. In S. Pedro Sebastião and S. de Carvalho Spínola (Eds.), Diplomacy, Organisations and Citizens. A European Communication Perspective (pp. 15-37). Cham: Springer.
  • Sanz Roldán, F. (2000). La diplomacia de defensa: una aproximación desde España. Revista Arbor, CLXV 651, 519-527. https://www.doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2000.i651.982
  • Silove, N. (2018). Beyond the Buzzword: The Three Meanings of “Grand Strategy”. Security Studies, 27(1), 27-57. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2017.1360073
  • Swistek, G. (2012). The Nexus between public diplomacy and military diplomacy in foreign affairs and defense policy. Connections, 11(2), 79-86.
  • Tang, S. S. (2016). Military diplomacy. In C. M. Constantinou, P. Kerr and P. Sharp (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy (pp. 591-600). London: SAGE.
  • Torres Soriano, M. R. (2015). El poder blando: ¿una alternativa a la fuerza militar? Seguridad, Ciencia and Defensa, 1(1), 100-113. Retrieved from http://35.190.156.69/index.php/rscd/article/view/9
  • Wallin, M. (2015). Military public diplomacy: How the military influences foreign audiences. American Security Project.
  • Winger, G. (2014). The Velvet Gauntlet: A Theory of Defense Diplomacy. Paper presented at What Do Ideas Do?: Junior Visiting Fellows’ Conferences. Institut Für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen, Vienna. Retrieved from https://www.iwm.at/publications/5-junior-visiting-fellows-conferences/vol-xxxiii/the-velvet-gauntlet/
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet