El largo camino para la equidad de género en la prensa escrita mexicana

  1. Treviño Elizondo, Francisco Antonio 1
  2. Quiroga Garza, Angélica 1
  3. Matamoros, Juan Antonio 2
  4. Willis Sánchez, Byrd 2
  1. 1 Universidad de Monterrey (México)
  2. 2 Universidad de Granada (España)
Journal:
Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico

ISSN: 1988-2696

Year of publication: 2020

Volume: 26

Pages: 1645-1654

Type: Article

DOI: 10.5209/ESMP.71377 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico

Sustainable development goals

Abstract

This research analyzed the level of gender equity and stereotyping  that exists in one of the most long-lived and important newspapers of México: El Norte, of Grupo Reforma, examining the gender of the authors of the notes, of the quoted sources, but mainly of their protagonists, taking into account the content of the  headlines, photographs, sections in which they appear, their occupations, and if they are treated or not as victims. We confirm that the same results that has been historically observed worldwide, are replicated today at our local level: Men are overexposed in all aspects: written articles, prominence, testimonies, expert opinion, victim role and photographs; furthermore, they appear mainly in articles about politics and sports, while women in those of the show business. Despite that our research confirms what already has been found in other latitudes, we discuss some signals of change.

Bibliographic References

  • Adcock, C. (2010). The politician, the wife, the citizen, and her newspaper. Feminist Media Studies, 10 (2), 135-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680771003672254
  • Allan, S. (2010). News culture. McGraw Hill Education, Open University Press.
  • Bareket, O., Kahalon, R., Shnabel, N., & Glick, P. (2018). The Madonna-Whore Dichotomy: Men who perceive women’s nurturance and sexuality as mutually exclusive endorse patriarchy and show lower relationship satisfaction. Sex Roles, 79(9–10). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0895-7
  • Barnett, B. (2006). Medea in the media. Journalism, 7(4), 411-432. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884906068360
  • Blackwood, R. (1983). The content of news photos: Roles portrayed by men and women. Journalism Quaterly, 60, 710-714.
  • Carli, L. & Eagly, A. H. (2016). Women face a labyrinth: An examination of metaphors for women leaders. Gender in Management, 31, 514-527. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-02-2015-0007
  • Caro-González, F., García-Gordillo, M.M., & Bezunartea-Valencia, O. (2014). La metodología mixta de investigación aplicada a la perspectiva de género en la prensa escrita. Palabra Clave 17(3), 828-853. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2014.17.3.11
  • Craft, S., & Wayne, W. (2004). Women in the newsroom: Influences of female editors and reporters on the news agenda. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(1), 124-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900408100109.
  • Eagly, A.H., Mladinic, A., & Stacy, O. (1994). Are people prejudiced against women? Some answers from research on attitudes, gender stereotypes, and judgments of competence. European Review of Social Psychology, 5, 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779543000002
  • Eagly, A.H., & Wood, W. (2017). Gender identity: Nature and nurture working together. Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture, 1, 59-62.
  • Fields, A., Swan, S., & Kloos, B. (2010). What it means to be a woman: Ambivalent sexism in female college students’ experiences and attitudes. Sex Roles, 62(7–8), 554–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9674-9
  • Gallego, J., Altés, E., Melús, M.W., Soriano, J., & Cantón, M.J. (2002). La prensa diaria por dentro: mecanismos de transmisión de estereotipos de género en la prensa de información general. Anàlisi, 28, 225-242.
  • Gómez, M. (2014). La influencia de la agenda setting: Análisis comparado del tratamiento del issue “mujer” en la prensa española (2007-2012). Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.5209/rev
  • Huang, Y., Osborne, D., & Sibley, C.G. (2019). The gradual move toward gender equality: A 7-year latent growth model of smbivalent sexism. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617752472
  • Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. INEGI. (2019). Módulo sobre Lectura (MOLEC). Principales resultados, Febrero 2019. CDMX: Autor.
  • Krippendorff, K.. (1990). Metodología de análisis de contenido. Teoría y práctica. Paidós Comunicación.
  • Lavie, A., & Lehman-Wilzig, S. (2003). Whose news? Does gender determine the editorial product? European Journal of Communication 18(1), 5-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323103018001224
  • Lee, F. (2004). Constructing perfect women: the portrayal of female officials in Hong Kong newspapers. Media, Culture & Society, 26 (2), 207-225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443704041173
  • Len-Ríos, M., Thorson, E., Rodgers, S., & Yoon, D. (2005). Representation of women in news and photos comparing content to perceptions. Journal of Communication, 55 (1), 152-168.
  • Luebke, B. (1989). Out of focus: Images of women and men in newspaper photographs. Sex Roles, 30(3/4), 121- 133.
  • Matud, M.P., Rodríguez-Wangüemert, C. & Espinosa, I. (2017). Representación de mujeres y hombres en la prensa española. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 72, 765-782. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2017-1191
  • McCombs, M. & Shaw, D. (1972).The Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176-187. https://doi.org/10.1086/267990
  • McGrath, K. (1993). Women and newspapers. Newspaper Research Journal, 14 (2), 95-110. 10.1177/073953299301400211
  • Miller, S. (1975). The content of news photos: Women´s and men´s roles. Journalism Quaterly, 42, 70-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769907505200112
  • Miloch, K., Pedersen, P., Smucker, M. & Whisenant, W. (2005). The current state of women print journalists: an analysis of the status and careers of females in newspapers sports departments. Public Organization Review: A Global Journal, 5, 219-232.
  • Mustapha, L.K. (2012). Agenda-setting theory: A reflective and visionary analysis. In N. T.. Ekeanyanwu, S. N. Ngoa & I. A. Sobowale (Eds.), Critique and application of communication theories (pp. 105-132). Ota, Nigeria: Covenant University Press.
  • Pabón, S., & Catunta, S. (2015). Coberturas y representaciones que los medios de comunicación y los/as periodistas hacen de la violencia contra la mujer. Alianza por la Solidaridad.
  • Pérez. J.A. (2004). Las representaciones sociales. In D. Páez, I. Fernández, S. Ubillos, & E. Zubieta (Coords.), Psicología social, cultura y educación (pp. 413–442). Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Potter, J. (1985). Gender representation in elite newspapers. Journalism Quarterly, 62, 636-640. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769908506200327
  • Riffe, D., Aust, C., & Lacy, S. (1993). The effectiveness of random, consecutive day and constructed week sampling in newspaper content analysis. Journalism Quaterly, 70 (1), 133-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909307000115
  • Rodríguez, A. (2020, Abril 23). El respeto a la comunidad como norma moral. International Journal of Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fdn32
  • Ross, K. (2005). Women in the boyzone: gender, news and herstory. In A. Stuart (Eds.), Journalism: Critical issues (pp. 287-298). McGraw Hill Education, Open University Press.
  • Ross, K. & Carter, C. (2011). Women and news: A long and winding road. Media, Culture and Society, 33 (8), 1148-1165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443711418272
  • Rovetto, F. (2010). Androcentrismo y medios de comunicación: Apuntes sobre la representación de las mujeres en la prensa de actualidad. Cuadernos de Información, 27, 43-51.
  • Rovetto, F. & Simelio, N. (2012). Diferencias de género en los medios de comunicación: Análisis de la invisibilización del trabajo de las mujeres en la prensa española. Enfoques XXIV, 31-52.
  • Rudman, L.A., & Goodwin, S.A. (2004). Gender differences in automatic in-group bias: Why do women like women more than they like men? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(4), 494–509https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.494,
  • Sainz, C. (2013). Las mujeres en la prensa deportiva: dos perfiles. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 14 (1), 91-102.
  • Sánchez-Alonso, O., Quintana-Paz, N. & Plaza, J. (2009). Mujeres, prensa e invisibilidad. Palabra Clave, 12 (2), 301-314.
  • Shor, E., van-de-Rijt, A., Ward, C., Askar, S. & Skiena, S. (2014). Is there a political bias? A computational analysis of female subjects coverage in liberal and conservative newspapers. Social Science Quaterly, 95 (5), 1213-1229. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12091
  • Simón, M.E. (2010). La igualdad también se aprende. Cuestión de coeducación. Narcea.
  • Vincent, J., Imwold, C., Masemann, V., & Johnson, J. (2002). A comparison of selected serious and popular British, Canadian, and United States Newspaper coverage of female and male athletes competing in the Centennial Olympic Games. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 37 (3-4), 319-335. https://doi.org/10.1177/101269020203700312
  • Weaver, D.H. (2007). Thoughts on agenda-setting, framing and priming. Journal of Communication, 57, 142-147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00333.x
  • Women´s Media Center (WMC) (2019). The status of women in the U.S. Media 2019. https://bit.ly/3358pbV
  • Wood, W. & Eagly, A.H. (2012). Biosocial construction of sex differences and similarities in behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 55–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-394281-4.00002-7
  • World Association for Christian Communication (2015). Proyecto de Monitoreo Global de Medios 2015. https://bit.ly/3h6EXrb
  • Zeisler, A. (2017). Investigating relationships between women's news production and consumption. Media's Gender Gap Project, USC Annenberg Norman Lear Center.
  • Zoch, L. & VanSlyke, J. (1999). Women Making News: Gender as a Variable in Source Selection and Use. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 75 (4), 762-775. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909807500410