De la Guerra Civil a la soledadla vulnerabilidad en el curso vital de las personas longevas
-
1
Universidad de Granada
info
ISSN: 2951-8156, 2951-6641
Year of publication: 2023
Volume: 2
Issue: 1
Pages: 63-82
Type: Article
More publications in: Revista CENTRA de ciencias sociales: CENTRA journal of Social Sciences
Abstract
This article addresses the social reality of people over the age 80 years old, focusing on the problems that affect their daily lives and the resources required to deal with them. Based on qualitative methodology, it uses interviews as an information-production technique and grounded theory as an analytical tool. Our results indicate that these people, who live alone, are exposed to a situation of vulnerability that is generated as a result of the deterioration of their health or physical weakness. At home, many of them have difficulty performing domestic tasks, while outside, their social activity is reduced. The family is their main source of instrumental support, but there are many cases of unmet needs, especially if they do not have the financial means to hire professional help. There are also those who live in social isolation, the magnitude of which depends on the severity of their physical limita-tions. All of this combines to intensify this sense of loneliness. However, vulnerability is not something that is new to them. An analysis of their lives reveals that many have already endured it, experiencing a childhood that was severely impacted by the Spanish Civil War and the post-war period. Back then they were familiar with sacrifice and suffering, problems that have reared their heads once again in their old age.
Bibliographic References
- Aartsen, M. y Jylhä, M. (2011). Onset of loneliness in older adults: results of a 28 year prospective study. European Journal of Ageing, 8(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-011-0175-7
- Abellán García, A., Esparza Catalán, C. y Pérez Díaz, J. (2011). Evolución y estructura de la población en situación de dependencia. Cuadernos de Relaciones Laborales, 29(1), 43-67. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_CRLA.2011.v29.n1.2
- Allen, S., Lima, J., Goldscheider, F. y Roy, J. (2012). Primary caregiver characteristics and transitions in community-based care. The Journals of Gerontology, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67(3), 362-371. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs032
- Cámara, A., Rodríguez Guzmán, C., Barroso Benítez, I. y Morente Mejías, F. (2021).Sociodemographic analysis of an accelerated transition: the rise of solo living in Spain. European Societies, 23(1), 161-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1793212
- Dahlberg, L., McKee, K., Frank, A. y Naseer, M. (2021). A systematic review of longitudinal risk factors for loneliness in older adults. Aging and Mental Health, 26(2), 225-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1876638
- De Jong Gierveld, J. (1987). Developing and testing a model of loneliness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(1), 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.119
- De Jong Gierveld, J., Dykstra, P. y Schenk, N. (2012). Living arrangements, intergenerational support types and older adult loneliness in Eastern and Westerns Europe. Demographic Research, 27(7), 167-200. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2012.27.7
- Desai, M., Lentzner, H. y Weeks, J. (2001). Unmet need for personal assistance with activities of daily living among older adults. The Gerontologist, 41(1), 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.1.82
- Domènech, J. et al. (2021). Social network size, loneliness, physical functioning and depressive symptoms among older adults: Examining reciprocal associations in four waves of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 36(10), 1541-1549. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5560
- Dramé, M. et al. (2012). Nursing home admission in elderly subjects with dementia: predictive factors and future challenges. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 13(1), 83-e17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2011.03.002
- Durán Heras, Mª. Á. (2018). La riqueza invisible del cuidado. Valencia: Universitat de València.
- Eichler, T. et al. (2016). Living alone with dementia: prevalence, correlates and the utilization of health and nursing care services? Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 52(2), 619-629. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-151058
- Elizalde San Miguel, B. (2018). ¿Femenino e informal? El modelo tradicional de cuidados a examen desde una perspectiva demográfica. Prisma Social, 21, 243-262.
- Fernández Carro, C. (2016). Ageing at home, co-residence or institutionalization? Preferred care and residential arrangements of older adult in Spain. Ageing and Society, 36(3), 586-612. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X1400138X
- Fernández Cordón, J. A. y Tobío, C. (2007). Andalucía. Dependencia y solidaridad en las redes familiares. Sevilla: IEA.
- Flaquer, L. y Soler, J. (1990). Permanencia y cambio en la familia española. Madrid: CIS.
- Gallo Estrada, J. y Molina Mula, J. (2015). Factores que inciden en la soledad residencial de las personas mayores que viven solas. Gerokomos, 26(1), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1134-928X2015000100002
- Havens, B., Hall, M., Sylvestre, G. y Jivan, T. (2004). Social isolation and loneliness: differences between older rural and urban Manitobans. Canadian Journal on Aging, 23(2), 129-140. https://doi.org/10.1353/cja.2004.0022
- Larsson, K. y Silverstein, M. (2004). The effects of marital status on informal support and service utilization: a study of older Swedes living alone. Journal of Aging Studies, 18(3), 231-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2004.01.001
- López Doblas, J. (2005). Personas mayores viviendo solas. La autonomía como valor en alza. Madrid: IMSERSO.
- López Doblas, J. y Díaz Conde, M.ª P. (2013). La modernización social de la vejez en España. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 71(1), 65-89. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2011.04.26
- López Doblas, J. (2018). Formas de convivencia de las personas mayores. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 161, 23-40. http://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.161.23
- López Doblas, J. y Díaz Conde, M.ª P. (2018). Viudedad, salud y soledad en la vejez. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 53(3), 128-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regg.2017.09.005
- López Doblas, J. y Díaz Conde, M.ª P. (2021). El aumento de personas mayores solas en Andalucía y en España. Informe cuantitativo. Sevilla: Fundación Pública Andaluza Centro de Estudios Andaluces. https://doi.org/10.54790/actualidad.0002
- López Villanueva, C. y Pujadas Rubies I. (2018). Vivir solo en España. Evolución y características de los hogares unipersonales en la vejez. Panorama Social, 28, 93-115.
- Lorente Martínez, R., Brotons Rodes, P. y Sitges Maciá, E. (2022). Benefits of a psychosocial intervention programme using volunteers for the prevention of loneliness among older women living alone in Spain. Health & Social Care in the Community, 30(5), 2000-2012. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13581
- Martikainen, P. et al. (2009). Gender, living arrangements, and social circumstances as determinants of entry into and exit from long-term institutional care at older ages: a 6-years follow-up study of older Finns. The Gerontologist, 49(1), 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnp013
- Molina Mula, J., Gallo Estrada, J. y González Trujillo, A. (2020). Self-perceptions and behavior of older people living alone. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8739. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238739
- Padyab, M., Reher, D., Requena, M. y Sandström, G. (2019). Going it alone in later life: a comparative analysis of elderly women in Sweden and Spain. Journal of Family Issues, 40(8), 1038-1064. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19831334
- Park, S. et al. (2017). Health and social-physical environment profiles among older adults living alone: associations with depressive symptoms. Journal of Gerontology, Social Sciences, 74(4), 675-684. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx003
- Pickard, L. (2015). A growing care gap? The supply of unpaid care for older people by their adult children in England to 2032. Ageing and Society, 35(1), 96-123. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X13000512
- Pimouguet, C. et al. (2015). Impact of living alone on institutionalization and mortality: a population-based longitudinal study. European Journal of Public Health, 26(1), 182-187. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv052
- Reher, D. y Requena, M. (2017). Elderly women living alone in Spain: the importance of having children. European Journal of Ageing, 14(3), 311-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-017-0415-6
- Requena, M. (1999). Pautas contemporáneas de evolución de los hogares en España. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 22, 33-65.
- Rongve, A., Vossius, C., Nore, S., Testad, I. y Aarsland, D. (2014). Time until nursing home admission in people with mild dementia: comparison of dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29(4), 392-398. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4015
- San Martín Baquedano, J. y Jiménez Martín, E. (2021). La soledad en las personas mayores que viven solas. Una aproximación a la realidad de Navarra. Madrid: Cruz Roja Española.
- Solsona, M. y Treviño, R. (1990). Estructuras familiares en España. Madrid: Instituto de la Mujer.
- Spitze, G. y Ward, R. (2000). Gender, marriage, and expectations for personal care. Research on Aging, 22(5), 451-469. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027500225001
- Sundström, G., Fransson, E., Malmberg, B. y Davey, A. (2009). Loneliness among older Europeans. European Journal of Ageing, 6(4), 267-275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-009-0134-8
- Valero, Á. (1995). El sistema familiar español. Recorrido a través del último cuarto de siglo. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 70, 91-105. https://doi.org/10.2307/40183802
- Verropoulou, G. y Tsimbos, C. (2017). Disability trends among older adults in ten European countries over 2004-2013, using various indicators and survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data’. Ageing and Society, 37(10), 2152-2182. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X16000842
- Vlachantoni, A. (2019). Unmet need for social care among older people. Ageing and Society, 39(4), 657-684. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X17001118
- Yanguas, J. et al. (2020). El reto de la soledad en las personas mayores. Barcelona: Fundación La Caixa.
- Zueras, P. y Miret Gaimundi, P. (2013). Mayores que viven solos: una panorámica desde los censos. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 144, 139-152. http://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.144.139