Novel implications of human nutrition on antiaging and cardiometabolic healthMolecular insights

Résumé

Life expectancy gains have slowed markedly due to the contribution of agerelated diseases. Among age-related diseases, cardiometabolic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for more than 70% of all deaths. Lifestyle strategies (e.g., diet) are promising to slow aging and prevent and treat cardiometabolic diseases. The present International Doctoral Thesis aimed to examine the relationship between dietary factors and novel anti-aging (Section I) and cardiometabolic risk markers (Section II), as well as to investigate the relationship between novel molecular nutritional biomarkers and cardiometabolic risk and the influence of acute cold exposure and exercise training on these novel molecular nutritional biomarkers (Section III). The studies included in Section I revealed that different dietary factors (i.e., anti/pro-inflammatory dietary pattern, dietary energy density, alcoholic drinks, nuts, and wine) are related to the novel anti-aging marker S-Klotho in young adults (Study I) and middle-aged adults (Studies II, III, IV, and V). Moreover, Section II revealed that specific dietary factors are associated with basal fat oxidation (BFox) and maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) in sedentary adults (Study VI) and with brown adipose tissue (BAT) volume and/or 18F-FDG uptake after personalized cold exposure in young adults (Study VII). Section III uncovered that omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins might be novel molecular biomarkers of cardiometabolic health in middle-aged adults (Study VIII). Additionally, 2 hours of cold exposure influence the plasma lipidome in young adults, and cold-induced changes in omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins are related to a healthier cardiometabolic profile but not to BAT in young adults (Study IX). Lastly, the observed cold-induced changes in plasma lipidome are not modified after a 24-week exercise intervention in young adults (Study IX). In summary, the present International Doctoral Thesis suggests that diet influences both the aging process and cardiometabolic health, partially through its influence in novel anti-aging and cardiometabolic markers (i.e., S-Klotho, BFox, MFO, and BAT). Additionally, novel nutritional biomarkers (i.e., oxylipins), which can be influenced by cold exposure, might be considered cardiometabolic markers.