Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire in a Sample of College Students

Referencias bibliográficas

• Adams, Z. W., Kaiser, A. J., Lynam, D. R., Charnigo, R. J., & Milich, R. (2012). Drinking motives as mediators of the impulsivity-substance use relation: Pathways for negative urgency, lack of premeditation, and sensation seeking. Addictive Behaviors, 37(7), 848–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.03.016
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th Ed.). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
• Anderson, C. A., Sakamoto, A., Gentile, D. A., Ihori, N., Shibuya, A., Yukawa, S., Naito, M., & Kobayashi, K. (2008). Longitudinal effects of violent video games on aggression in Japan and the United States. Pediatrics, 122(5), e1067–e1072. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-1425
• Asociaci ó n Espa ñ ola de Videojuegos. (2022). La industria del videojuego en España en 2022 [The video game industry in Spain in 2022]. http://www.aevi.org.es/web/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Anuario-AEVI-2022.pdf
• Bäcklund, C., Elbe, P., Gavelin, H. M., Sörman, D. E., & Ljungberg, J. K. (2022). Gaming motivations and gaming disorder symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 11(3), 667–688. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00053
• Ballabio, M., Griffiths, M. D., Urbán, R., Quartiroli, A., Demetrovics, Z., & Király, O. (2017). Do gaming motives mediate between psychiatric symptoms and problematic gaming? An empirical survey study. Addiction Research & Theory, 25(5), 397–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1305360
• Banyte, J., & Gadeikiene, A. (2015). The effect of consumer motivation to play games on video game-playing engagement. Procedia Economics and Finance, 26, 505–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00880-1
• Barrada, J. R., Navas, J. F., Ruiz de Lara, C. M., Billieux, J., Devos, G., & Perales, J. C. (2019). Reconsidering the roots, structure, and implications of gambling motives: An integrative approach. PLOS ONE, 14(2), Article e0212695. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212695
• Benjamini, Y., and Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, 57, 289–300. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2346101.
• Bennett, T., & Holloway, K. (2017). Motives for illicit prescription drug use among university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Drug Policy, 44, 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.02.012
• Beranuy, M., Machimbarrena, J. M., Vega–Osés, M. A., Carbonell, X., Griffiths, M. D., Pontes, H. M., & González-Cabrera, J. (2020). Spanish validation of the internet gaming disorder scale–short form (IGDS9–SF): Prevalence and relationship with online gambling and quality of life. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), Article 1562. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051562
• Billieux, J., Heeren, A., Rochat, L., Maurage, P., Bayard, S., Bet, R., Besche-Richard, C., Challet-Bouju, G., Carré, A., Devos, G., Flayelle, M., Gierski, F., Grall-Bronnec, M., Kern, L., Khazaal, Y., Lançon, C., Lannoy, S., Michael, G. A., Raffard, S., … Baggio, S. (2021). Positive and negative urgency as a single coherent construct: Evidence from a large-scale network analysis in clinical and non-clinical samples. Journal of Personality, 89(6), 1252–1262. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12655
• Billieux, J., Rochat, L., Ceschi, G., Carré, A., Offerlin-Meyer, I., Defeldre, A.-C., Khazaal, Y., Besche-Richard, C., & van der Linden, M. (2012). Validation of a short French version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(5), 609–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.09.001
• Bourgonjon, J., Vandermeersche, G., De Wever, B., Soetaert, R., & Valcke, M. (2016). Players’ perspectives on the positive impact of video games: A qualitative content analysis of online forum discussions. New Media & Society, 18(8), 1732–1749. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815569723
• Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2016). Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-pace) model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 252–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033
• Buiza-Aguado, C., Alonso-Canovas, A., Conde-Mateos, C., Buiza-Navarrete, J. J., & Gentile, D. (2018). Problematic video gaming in a young Spanish population: Association with psychosocial health. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(6), 388–394. http://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0599
• Buser, T., Cappelen, A., Gneezy, U., Hoffman, M., & Tungodden, B. (2021). Competitiveness, gender and handedness. Economics & Human Biology, 43, Article 101037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101037
• Cándido, A., Orduña, E., Perales, J. C., Verdejo-García, A., & Billieux, J. (2012). Validation of a short Spanish version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behaviour Scale. Trastornos Adictivos, 14(3), 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1575-0973(12)70048-X
• Ceranoglu, T. A. (2010). Video games in psychotherapy. Review of General Psychology, 14(2), 141–146. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019439
• Chang, S., & Lin, S. S. J. (2019). Online gaming motive profiles in late adolescence and the related longitudinal development of stress, depression, and problematic internet use. Computers & Education, 135, 123–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.02.003
• Cheah, I., Shimul, A. S., & Phau, I. (2022). Motivations of playing digital games: A review and research agenda. Psychology & Marketing, 39(5), 937–950. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21631
• Chen, K. H., Oliffe, J. L., & Kelly, M. T. (2018). Internet gaming disorder: An emergent health issue for men. American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(4), 1151–1159. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318766950
• De Hesselle, L. C., Rozgonjuk, D., Sindermann, C., Pontes, H. M., & Montag, C. (2021). The associations between Big Five personality traits, gaming motives, and self-reported time spent gaming. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, Article 110483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110483
• Demetrovics, Z., Urbán, R., Nagygyörgy, K., Farkas, J., Zilahy, D., Mervó, B., Reindl, A., Ágoston, C., Kertész, A., & Harmath, E. (2011). Why do you play? The development of the motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ). Behavior Research Methods, 43(3), 814–825. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0091-y
• Ding, W., Sun, J., Sun, Y., Chen, X., Zhou, Y., Zhuang, Z., Li, L., Zhang, Y., Xu, J., & Du, Y. (2014). Trait impulsivity and impaired prefrontal impulse inhibition function in adolescents with internet gaming addiction revealed by a Go/No-Go fMRI study. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 10(1), Article 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-10-20
• Dowran, B., Yekta, F. F., & Aghaie, E. (2022). Psychometric characteristics of the Iranian version of the Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (I-MOGQ). Iranian Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v17i4.10697
• Estévez, A., Jauregui, P., Lopez-Gonzalez, H., Macia, L., López, N., Zamora, L., Onaindia, J., Granero, R., Mestre-Bach, G., Steward, T., Fernández-Aranda, F., Gómez-Peña, M., Moragas, L., Mena-Moreno, T., Lozano-Madrid, M., del Pino-Gutiérrez, A., Codina, E., Testa, G., Vintró-Alcaraz, C., … Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2021). Exploring the predictive value of gambling motives, cognitive distortions, and materialism on problem gambling severity in adolescents and young adults. Journal of Gambling Studies, 37(2), 643–661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-020-09972-z
• Evren, C., Evren, B., Dalbudak, E., Topçu, M., & Kutlu, N. (2020). Psychometric validation of the Turkish motives for online gaming questionnaire (MOGQ) across university students and video game players. ADDICTA: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 7(2), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.5152/ADDICTA.2020.19093
• Flora, D. B. (2020). Your coefficient alpha is probably wrong, but which coefficient omega is right? A tutorial on using R to obtain better reliability estimates. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 3(4), 484–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245920951747
• Froushani, M. A., & Akrami, N. (2017). The relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and tendency to addiction in adolescents. International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches, 3(4), 245–249. https://doi.org/10.4103/jepr.jepr_54_16
• Fumero, A., Marrero, R. J., Bethencourt, J. M., & Peñate, W. (2020). Risk factors of internet gaming disorder symptoms in Spanish adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 111, Article 106416. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106416
• Fuster, H., Carbonell, X., Pontes, H. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016). Spanish validation of the Internet Gaming Disorder–20 (IGD–20) Test. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.050
• Gee, J. P. (2007). Good video games + good learning: Collected essays on video games, learning, and literacy (2nd Ed). Peter Lang.
• Giardina, A., Starcevic, V., King, D. L., Schimmenti, A., Di Blasi, M., & Billieux, J. (2023). Research directions in the study of gaming-related escapism: A commentary to Melodia, Canale, and Griffiths (2020). International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 21, 1075–1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00642-8
• Gómez-Gonzalvo, F., Molina, P., & Devís-Devís, J. (2020). Which are the patterns of video game use in Spanish school adolescents? Gender as a key factor. Entertainment Computing, 34, Article 100366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2020.100366
• Gómez-Maureira, M. A., & Kniestedt, I. (2019). Exploring video games that invoke curiosity. Entertainment Computing, 32, Article 100320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2019.100320
• Granic, I., Lobel, A., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2014). The benefits of playing video games. American Psychologist, 69(1), 66–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034857
• Griffiths, M. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10(4), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659890500114359
• Griffiths, M. D., van Rooij, A. J., Kardefelt-Winther, D., Starcevic, V., Király, O., Pallesen, S., Müller, K., Dreier, M., Carras, M., Prause, N., King, D. L., Aboujaoude, E., Kuss, D. J., Pontes, H. M., Lopez Fernandez, O., Nagygyorgy, K., Achab, S., Billieux, J., Quandt, T., … Demetrovics, Z. (2016). Working towards an international consensus on criteria for assessing internet gaming disorder: a critical commentary on Petry et al. (2014). Addiction, 111(1), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13057
• Gunnell, K. E., & Gaudreau, P. (2015). Testing a bi-factor model to disentangle general and specific factors of motivation in self-determination theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 81, 35–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.059
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014) Multivariate data analysis (7th Ed.). Pearson Education.
• Halbrook, Y. J., O’Donnell, A. T., & Msetfi, R. M. (2019). When and how video games can be good: A review of the positive effects of video games on well-being. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(6), 1096–1104. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619863807
• Hamzehzadeh, M., Sangchooli, A., Farnam, R., Rafiemanesh, H., Shadloo, B., Ghani, K., Jobehdar, M. M., Amin-Esmaeili, M., Rahimi, J., Demetrovics, Z., Király, O., & Rahimi-Movaghar, A. (2022). Psychometric assessment of the motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire among Iranian gamers. Psychiatry Investigation, 19(5), 333–340. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2021.0185
• Hemenover, S. H., & Bowman, N. D. (2018). Video games, emotion, and emotion regulation: Expanding the scope. Annals of the International Communication Association, 42(2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2018.1442239
• Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60. http://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R
• Infanti, A., Valls-Serrano, C., Perales, J. C., Vögele, C., & Billieux, J. (2023). Gaming passion contributes to the definition and identification of problematic gaming. Addictive Behaviors, 147, Article 107805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107805
• Jauregui, P., Onaindia, J., & Estévez, A. (2017). Adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies in adult pathological gamblers and their mediating role with anxious-depressive symptomatology. Journal of Gambling Studies, 33(4), 1081–1097. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-017-9675-5
• Johnson, D., Klarkowski, M., Vella, K., Phillips, C., McEwan, M., & Watling, C. N. (2018). Greater rewards in videogames lead to more presence, enjoyment and effort. Computers in Human Behavior, 87, 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.025
• Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2017). Conceptualizing Internet use disorders: Addiction or coping process? Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 71(7), 459–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12413
• Kim, B.-N., & Kang, H. S. (2021). Korean validation of the Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire: Focusing on its factor structure and incremental validity. Addictive Behaviors, 122, Article 107019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107019
• Kim, D., Nam, J. K., & Keum, C. (2022). Adolescent Internet gaming addiction and personality characteristics by game genre. PLOS ONE, 17(2), Article e0263645. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263645
• Kim, H. S., Son, G., Roh, E.-B., Ahn, W.-Y., Kim, J., Shin, S.-H., Chey, J., & Choi, K.-H. (2022). Prevalence of gaming disorder: A meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 126, Article 107183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107183
• King, D. L., & Delfabbro, P. H. (2020). The convergence of gambling and monetised gaming activities. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 31, 32–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.10.001
• Király, O., Billieux, J., King, D. L., Urbán, R., Koncz, P., Polgár, E., & Demetrovics, Z. (2022). A comprehensive model to understand and assess the motivational background of video game use: The Gaming Motivation Inventory (Gmi). Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 11(3), 796–819. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00048
• Kircaburun, K., Demetrovics, Z., Griffiths, M. D., Király, O., Kun, B., & Tosuntaş, Ş. B. (2020). Trait emotional intelligence and internet gaming disorder among gamers: The mediating role of online gaming motives and moderating role of age groups. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18(5), 1446–1457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00179-x
• Kuss, D. J., Louws, J., & Wiers, R. W. (2012). Online gaming addiction? Motives predict addictive play behavior in massively multiplayer online role-playing games. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(9), 480–485. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0034
• Laconi, S., Pirès, S., & Chabrol, H. (2017). Internet gaming disorder, motives, game genres and psychopathology. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 652–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.012
• Lange, B. P., Wühr, P., & Schwarz, S. (2021). Of time gals and mega men: Empirical findings on gender differences in digital game genre preferences and the accuracy of respective gender stereotypes. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 657430. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.657430
• Larche, C. J., & Dixon, M. J. (2021). Winning isn’t everything: The impact of optimally challenging smartphone games on flow, game preference and individuals gaming to escape aversive bored states. Computers in Human Behavior, 123, Article 106857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106857
• Lee-Winn, A. E., Mendelson, T., & Johnson, R. M. (2018). Associations between coping and marijuana use in a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the United States. Addictive Behaviors, 80, 130–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.025
• Lemmens, J. S. (2022). Play or pay to win: Loot boxes and gaming disorder in FIFA ultimate team. Telematics and Informatics Reports, 8, Article 100023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teler.2022.100023
• Li, W., Mills, D., & Nower, L. (2019). The relationship of loot box purchases to problem video gaming and problem gambling. Addictive Behaviors, 97, 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.05.016
• López-Fernández, F. J., Mezquita, L., Griffiths, M. D., Ortet, G., & Ibáñez, M. I. (2020a). The development and validation of the Videogaming Motives Questionnaire (VMQ). PLOS ONE, 15, Article e0240726. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240726
• López-Fernández, F. J., Mezquita, L., Griffiths, M. D., Ortet, G., & Ibáñez, M. I. (2020b). El papel de la personalidad en el juego problemático y en las preferencias de géneros de videojuegos en adolescentes [The role of personality on disordered gaming and game genre preferences in adolescence: Gender differences and person-environment transactions]. Adicciones, 33, 263–272. https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1370
• López-Fernandez, O., Williams, A. J., & Kuss, D. J. (2019). Measuring female gaming: Gamer profile, predictors, prevalence, and characteristics from psychological and gender perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 898. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00898
• Marino, C., Canale, N., Vieno, A., Caselli, G., Scacchi, L., & Spada, M. M. (2020). Social anxiety and Internet gaming disorder: The role of motives and metacognitions. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(3), 617–628. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00044
• Marzilli, E., Cerniglia, L., Ballarotto, G., & Cimino, S. (2020). Internet addiction among young adult university students: The complex interplay between family functioning, impulsivity, depression, and anxiety. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), Article 8231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218231
• Melodia, F., Canale, N., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022). The role of avoidance coping and escape motives in problematic online gaming: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(2), 996–1022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00422-w
• Mihara, S., & Higuchi, S. (2017). Cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiological studies of Internet gaming disorder: A systematic review of the literature: Review of epidemiological studies of IGD. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 71(7), 425–444. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12532
• Moudiab, S., & Spada, M. M. (2019). The relative contribution of motives and maladaptive cognitions to levels of Internet Gaming Disorder. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 9, Article 100160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100160
• Müller, K. W., Janikian, M., Dreier, M., Wölfling, K., Beutel, M. E., Tzavara, C., Richardson, C., & Tsitsika, A. (2015). Regular gaming behavior and internet gaming disorder in European adolescents: Results from a cross-national representative survey of prevalence, predictors, and psychopathological correlates. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(5), 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0611-2
• Nebel, S., & Ninaus, M. (2022). Does playing apart really bring us together? Investigating the link between perceived loneliness and the use of video games during a period of social distancing. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 683842. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.683842
• Newzoo International B.V. (2020, August 12). The way consumers interact with games is changing; nearly half of gamers are female; over half are 30+. https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/consumer-engagement-with-games-is-changing-gamer-segmentation-personas-gender-age-demographics
• Newzoo International B.V. (2021). Global games market report. The VR & metaverse edition. https://newzoo.com/insights/trend-reports/newzoo-global-games-market-report-2021-free-version/
• Ng, B. D., & Wiemer-Hastings, P. (2005). Addiction to the internet and online gaming. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8(2), 110–113. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.110
• Nogueira-López, A., Rial-Boubeta, A., Guadix-García, I., Villanueva-Blasco, V. J., & Billieux, J. (2023). Prevalence of problematic internet use and problematic gaming in Spanish adolescents. Psychiatry Research, 326, Article 115317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115317
• Phan, M. H., Jardina, J. R., Hoyle, S., & Chaparro, B. S. (2012). Examining the role of gender in video game usage, preference, and behavior. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 56(1), 1496–1500. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181312561297
• Perales, J. C., King, D. L., Navas, J. F., Schimmenti, A., Sescousse, G., Starcevic, V., van Holst, R. J., & Billieux, J. (2020). Learning to lose control: A process-based account of behavioral addiction. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 108, 771–780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.025
• Pontes, H. M., Király, O., Demetrovics, Z., & Griffiths, M. D. (2014). The conceptualization and measurement of DSM–5 internet gaming disorder: The development of the IGD–20 test. PLOS ONE, 9(10), Article e110137. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110137
• Przybylski, A. K., Rigby, C. S., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). A motivational model of video game engagement. Review of General Psychology, 14(2), 154–166. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019440
• Rafiemanesh, H., Farnam, R., Sangchooli, A., Rahimi, J., Hamzehzadeh, M., Ghani, K., Jobehdar, M. M., Amin-Esmaeili, M., Shadloo, B., Demetrovics, Z., Király, O., & Rahimi-Movaghar, A. (2022). Online gaming and internet gaming disorder in Iran: Patterns, motivations, and correlates. Current Psychology, 42, 13517–13531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02490-0
• Reed, G. M., First, M. B., Billieux, J., Cloitre, M., Briken, P., Achab, S., Brewin, C. R., King, D. L., Kraus, S. W., & Bryant, R. A. (2022). Emerging experience with selected new categories in the ICD–11: Complex PTSD, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder. World Psychiatry, 21(2), 189–213. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20960
• Rehbein, F., Staudt, A., Hanslmaier, M., & Kliem, S. (2016). Video game playing in the general adult population of Germany: Can higher gaming time of males be explained by gender specific genre preferences? Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 729–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.016
• Reid, G. (2012). Motivation in video games: A literature review. The Computer Games Journal, 1(2), 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395967
• Reise, S. P. (2012). The rediscovery of bifactor measurement models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 47(5), 667–696. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2012.715555
• Revelle, W. (2022). psych: Procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research. R package (Version 2.2.5) [Computer software]. Northwestern University. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych
• Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
• Ryu, C. (2022). alookr: Model classifier for binary classification (Version 0.3.7) [Computer software]. R package. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=alookr
• Ryu, H., Lee, J.-Y., Choi, A., Park, S., Kim, D.-J., & Choi, J.-S. (2018). The relationship between impulsivity and internet gaming disorder in young adults: Mediating effects of interpersonal relationships and depression. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(3), Article 458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030458
• Snodgrass, J. G., Dengah, H. J. F. II, Lacy, M. G., & Fagan, J. (2013). A formal anthropological view of motivation models of problematic MMO play: Achievement, social, and immersion factors in the context of culture. Transcultural Psychiatry, 50(2), 235–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461513487666
• Stevens, M. W. R., Dorstyn, D., Delfabbro, P. H., & King, D. L. (2021). Global prevalence of gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 55(6), 553–568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867420962851
• T’ng, S. T., Ho, K. H., Sim, D. E., Yu, C. H., & Wong, P. Y. (2020). The mediating effect of Internet gaming disorder’s symptoms on loneliness and aggression among undergraduate students and working adults in Malaysia. PsyCh Journal, 9(1), 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.320
• Tripp, S., Grueber, M., Simkins, J., & Yetter, D. (2020). Video games in the 21st century: The 2020 economic impact report. TEConomy Partners, LLC. https://perma.cc/W7LT-PQ67
• Tungodden, J., & Willén, A. (2022). When parents decide: Gender differences in competitiveness. CESifo Working Papers No. 9516. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4009416
• Veltri, N. F., Krasnova, H., Baumann, A., & Kalayamthanam, N. (2014). Gender differences in online gaming: A literature review. 20th Americas Conference on Information Systems, AMCIS 2014, 1–11.
• Verheijen, G. P., Stoltz, S. E. M. J., van den Berg, Y. H. M., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2019). The influence of competitive and cooperative video games on behavior during play and friendship quality in adolescence. Computers in Human Behavior, 91, 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.10.023
• Villani, D., Carissoli, C., Triberti, S., Marchetti, A., Gilli, G., & Riva, G. (2018). Videogames for emotion regulation: A systematic review. Games for Health Journal, 7(2), 85–99. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2017.0108
• Volkow, N. D., Wise, R. A., & Baler, R. (2017). The dopamine motive system: Implications for drug and food addiction. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18(12), 741–752. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.130
• Wan, C.-S., & Chiou, W.-B. (2006). Why are adolescents addicted to online gaming? An interview study in Taiwan. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9(6), 762–766. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.762
• Wang, H.-Y., & Cheng, C. (2022). The associations between gaming motivation and internet gaming disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR Mental Health, 9(2), Article e23700. https://doi.org/10.2196/23700
• Wardle, H., & Zendle, D. (2021). Loot boxes, gambling, and problem gambling among young people: Results from a cross-sectional online survey. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24(4), 267–274. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0299
• Wei, T., & Simko, V. (2021). R package ‘corrplot’: Visualization of a correlation matrix (Version 0.92) [Computer software]. R package. https://github.com/taiyun/corrplot
• Wickham, H., Averick, M., Bryan, J., Chang, W., D’Agostino McGowan, L., François, R., Grolemund, G., Hayes, A., Henry, L., Hester, J., Kuhn, M., Pedersen, T. L., Miller, E., Bache, S. M., Müller, K., Ooms, J., Robinson, D., Seidel, D. P., Spinu, V., … Yutani, H. (2019). Welcome to the Tidyverse. Journal of Open Source Software, 4(43), Article 1686. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686
• Wickham, H., Miller, E., & Smith, D. (2022). haven: Import and export ‘SPSS’, ‘Stata’ and ‘SAS’ files (Version 2.5.0) [Computer software]. R package. https://www.tidyverse.org/blog/2022/04/haven-2-5-0/, https://github.com/tidyverse/haven/releases/tag/v2.5.0
• Wohn, D. Y., Ratan, R., & Cherchiglia, L. (2020). Gender and genre differences in multiplayer gaming motivations. In Fang, X. (Ed.), HCI in Games. HCII 2020. Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 12211, pp. 233–248). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50164-8_16
• World Health Organization. (2019). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th Ed.). https://icd.who.int/
• Wu, A. M. S., Lai, M. H. C., Yu, S., Lau, J. T. F., & Lei, M. W. (2017). Motives for online gaming questionnaire: Its psychometric properties and correlation with Internet gaming disorder symptoms among Chinese people. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.007
• Wulansari, O. D. E., Pirker, J., Kopf, J., & Guetl, C. (2020). Video games and their correlation to empathy: How to teach and experience empathic emotion. In Auer, M. E., Hortsch, H., & Sethakul, P. (Eds.), The impact of the 4th industrial revolution on engineering education: ICL 2019. Advances in intelligent systems and computing (Vol. 1134). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40274-7_16
• Xu, W., Liang, H.-N., Baghaei, N., Wu Berberich, B., & Yue, Y. (2020). Health benefits of digital videogames for the aging population: A systematic review. Games for Health Journal, 9(6), 389–404. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2019.0130
• Young, K. S., & Brand, M. (2017). Merging theoretical models and therapy approaches in the context of internet gaming disorder: A personal perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 1853. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01853
• Zendle, D., & Cairns, P. (2019). Loot boxes are again linked to problem gambling: Results of a replication study. PLOS ONE, 14(3), Article e0213194. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213194
• Zsila, Á., Orosz, G., Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Király, O., Griffiths, M., & Demetrovics, Z. (2018). An empirical study on the motivations underlying augmented reality games: The case of Pokémon Go during and after Pokémon fever. Personality and Individual Differences, 133, 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.024