Athlete Portraits in NewsInfluence of Media Representation and Gender on Social Perception

Referencias bibliográficas

• Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., & Duda, J. L. (2008). Apoyo a la autonomía, satisfacción de las necesidades, motivación y bienestar en deportistas de competición: Un análisis de la teoría de la autodeterminación [Support for autonomy, needs satisfaction, motivation, and well-being in competitive athletes: An analysis of self-determination theory]. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 17(1), 123–139.
• Barthel, A., & Aydt, C. (2016). The effects of sexualized Facebook profile pictures on ratings of physical attractiveness and task competence. Sentience, 14, 1–8.
• Brown, T. J., Dacin, P. A., Pratt, M. G., & Whetten, D. A. (2006). Identity, intended valoration, construed image, and reputation: An interdisciplinary framework and suggested terminology. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34, 99–106. http://doi.org/10.1177/0092070305284969
• Bruce, T. (2012). Reflections on communication and sport: On women and femininities. Communication & Sport, 1, 125–137. http://doi.org/10.1177/2167479512472883
• Coakley, J., & White, A. (1992). Making decisions: Gender and sport participation among British adolescents. Sociology of Sport Journal, 9(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.9.1.20
• Cohen, J. (1962). The statistical power of abnormal–social psychological research: A review. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 65, 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045186
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge Academic
• Constantin, A., & Voicu, M. (2015). Attitudes towards gender roles in cross-cultural surveys: Content validity and cross-cultural measurement invariance. Social Indicators Research, 123, 733–751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0758-8
• D’Adamo, O., & García, V. (2003). ¿Distorsiona la prensa la percepción social que la opinión pública construye acerca del delito, la violencia y la inseguridad? [Does the press distort the public’s perception of crime, violence and insecurity?] Revista de Psicología Social, 18, 3–15. http://doi.org/10.1174/02134740360521741
• Daniels, E. A., & Wartena, H. (2011). Athlete or sex symbol: What boys think of media representations of female athletes. Sex Roles, 65, 566–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9959-7
• Daniels, E. A., & Zurbriggen, E. L. (2016). The price of sexy: Viewers’ perceptions of a sexualized versus nonsexualized Facebook profile photograph. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 5, 2–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000048
• Delgado, F. J. O., Sancho, J. A. M., & Carrascosa, J. H. (2018). Género y deporte: El camino hacia la igualdad [Gender and sport: The road to equality]. Reus.
• Diekman, A. B., & Eagly, A. H. (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(10), 1171–1188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200262001
• División para el Adelanto de la Mujer del Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales de la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas. (2007). Mujer, igualdad de género y deporte [Women, gender equality and sport]. La mujer en el 2000 y Después, December 2007. https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/Women_and_Sport_Spanish-web.pdf
• Duncan, M. C., & Messner, M. A. (2000). Gender in televised sports: 1989, 1993 and 1999. The Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles. https://la84.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/tv2000.pdf
• Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1999). The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions versus social roles. American Psychologist, 54(6), 408–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.6.408
• Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. (2004). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: Implications for the partner preferences of women and men. In Eagly, A. H., Beall, A. E., & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.), The psychology of gender (2nd Ed., pp. 269–295). The Guilford Press.
• Erfanian, F., Latifnejad Roudsari, R., Heydari, A., & Noghani Dokht Bahmani, M. (2020). A narrative on using vignettes: Its advantages and drawbacks. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, 8(2), 2134–2145. https://doi.org/10.22038/jmrh.2020.41650.1472
• Esteban Ramiro, B., & Fernández Montaño, P. (2017). ¿Actitudes sexistas en jóvenes?: Exploración del sexismo ambivalente y neosexismo en población universitaria [Sexist attitudes in young people? Exploration of ambivalent sexism and neosexism in college populations]. FEMERIS: Revista Multidisciplinar de Estudios de Género, 2(2), 137–153. http://doi.org/10.20318/femeris.2017.3762
• Europa Press Deportes. (2023, March 1). La visibilidad del deporte femenino en los medios de comunicación [The visibility of women’s sports in the media]. Europa Press. https://www.europapress.es/deportes/noticia-cobertura-mediatica-deporte-alcanza-22-mujeres-frente-78-hombres-20230301192835.html
• Expósito, F., Moya, M. C., & Glick, P. (1998). Sexismo ambivalente: Medición y correlatos [Ambivalent sexism: Measurement and correlates.]. International Journal of Social Psychology/Revista de Psicología Social, 13(2), 159–169. http://doi.org/10.1174/021347498760350641
• Fasting, K., Brackenridge, C. H., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2004). Experiences of sexual harassment and abuse among Norwegian elite female athletes and nonathletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74(1), 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2003.10609067
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. http://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
• Ferguson, M. J., & Bargh, J. A. (2003). The constructive nature of automatic evaluation. In Musch, J. & Klauer, K. C. (Eds.), The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion (pp. 169–188). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
• Fiske, S. T. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. In Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T., & Lindzey, G. (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th Ed., pp. 357–411). McGraw-Hill.
• Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878–902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878
• Forsyth, J. J., Jones, J., Duval, L., & Bambridge, A. (2019). Opportunities and barriers that females face for study and employment in sport . Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport, & Tourism Education, 24, 80–89. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2019.01.005
• Freund, A. M., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2014). Aging and social perception: So far, more similarities than differences. Psychology and Aging, 29(3), 451–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037555
• Furnham, A., Mak, T., & Tanidjojo, L. (2006). An Asian perspective on the portrayal of men and women in television advertisements: Studies from Hong Kong and Indonesian television. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(11), 2341–2364. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02440.x
• García-Retamero, R., Müller, S. M., & López-Zafra, E. (2011). The malleability of gender stereotypes: Influence of population size on perceptions of men and women in the past, present, and future. The Journal of Social Psychology, 151(5), 635–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2010.522616
• Gebel, K., Mutrie, N., & Ding, D. (2022). Another step towards gender equality: A call for ending structural sexism in the scheduling of sports events. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 56(21), 1205–1206. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-105379
• Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976). Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of Communication, 26(2), 172–199. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1976.tb01397.x
• Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491
• Glick, P., Larsen, S., Johnson, C., & Branstiter, H. (2005). Evaluations of sexy women in low- and high-status jobs. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29(4), 389–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00238.x
• Gómez-Colell, E., Medina-Bravo, P., & Ramón, X. (2017). La presencia invisible de la mujer deportista en la prensa deportiva española. Análisis de las portadas de Marca, As, Mundo Deportivo y Sport (2010–2015) [The invisible presence of women athletes in the Spanish sports press. Analysis of the covers of Marca, As, Mundo Deportivo and Sport (2010–2015)]. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 23(2), 793–811. http://doi.org/10.5209/ESMP.58016
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Partial, conditional, and moderated mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation. Communication Monographs, 85(1), 4–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100
• Herrera Enríquez, M. C., & Expósito Jiménez, F. (2009). Responsabilidad compartida: Influencia de los medios de comunicación en la atribución de culpabilidad y justificación de la violencia de género [Shared responsibility: Influence of the media in the attribution of guilt and justification of gender violence]. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 19, 103–110. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=315025340009
• Hively, K., & El-Alayli, A. (2014). “You throw like a girl:” The effect of stereotype threat on women’s athletic performance and gender stereotypes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), 48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.09.001
• Hyre, T., Chen, S., & Larson, M. (2017). Perceptions concerning obstacles, stereotypes and discrimination faced by female sports reporters and other female sports professionals. Athens Journal of Sports, 4, 213–230. http://doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.4.3.4
• International Tennis Federation. (2019, October 15). Global tennis report. www.itftennis.com
• Jones, D. (2006). The representation of female athletes in online images of successive Olympics. Pacific Journalism Review: Te Koakoa, 12(1), 108–129. https://doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v12i1.848
• Kane, M. J. (1988). Media coverage of the female athlete before, during, and after Title IX: Sports illustrated revisited. Journal of Sport Management, 2(2), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2.2.87
• Kane, M. J. (1996). Media coverage of the post Title IX female athlete. Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy, 3, 95–127.
• Kaskan, E. R., & Ho, I. K. (2016). Microaggressions and female athletes. Sex Roles, 74(7), 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0425-1
• Klein, J., & Dawar, N. (2004). Corporate social responsibility and consumers’ attributions and brand evaluations in a product-harm crisis. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 21, 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2003.12.003
• Knight, J. L., & Giuliano, T. A. (2001). He’s a Laker; she’s a “looker”: The consequences of gender-stereotypical portrayals of male and female athletes by the print media. Sex Roles, 45, 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013553811620
• Knight, J. L., Giuliano, T. A., & Sanchez-Ross, M. G. (2001). Famous or infamous? The influence of celebrity status and race on perceptions of responsibility for rape. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23, 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324834BASP2303_4
• Koenig, A. M., & Eagly, A. H. (2014). Evidence for the social role theory of stereotype content: Observations of groups’ roles shape stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(3), 371–392. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037215
• Leruite, M. T., Fernández, P., & Díaz, M. Z. (2015). Análisis del deporte femenino español de competición desde la perspectiva de protagonistas clave [Analysis of Spanish women’s sport competition from the perspective of key players]. Retos, 28, 3–8. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i28.34821
• López-Zafra, E., & García-Retamero, R. (2021). Are gender stereotypes changing over time? A cross-temporal analysis of perceptions about gender stereotypes in Spain. International Journal of Social Psychology/Revista de Psicología Social, 36(2), 330–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2021.1882227
• López-Zafra, E., García-Retamero, R., Diekman, A., & Eagly, A. H. (2008). Dinámica de estereotipos de género y poder: Un estudio transcultural [Dynamics of gender stereotypes and power: A cross-cultural study]. International Journal of Social Psychology/Revista de Psicología Social, 23, 213–219. https://doi.org/10.1174/021347408784135788
• Lough, N. L., & Mumcu, C. (2016). Marketing women’s sports: A European vs. North American perspective. In Chadwick, S., Chanavat, N., & Desbordes, M. (Eds.), Routledge handbook of sports marketing (pp. 355–368). Taylor & Francis.
• Martínez-Abajo, J., Vizcarra, M. T., & Lasarte, G. (2020). Percepción de las deportistas de su trato mediático [Athletes’ perception of their media treatment]. Apunts Educación Física y Deportes, 139, 73–82. https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2020/1).139.10
• McAuley, E., Duncan, T., & Tammen, V. V. (1989). Psychometric properties of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory in a competitive sport setting: A confirmatory factor analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 60(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1989.10607413
• Morganson, V. J., & Major, D. A. (2014). Exploring retaliation as a coping strategy in response to customer sexual harassment. Sex Roles, 71, 83–94. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0373-9
• Morrison, M. M., & Shaffer, D. R. (2003). Gender-role congruence and self-referencing as determinants of advertising effectiveness. Sex Roles, 49, 265–275. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024604424224
• Moya, M. C. (2004). Actitudes sexistas y nuevas formas de sexismo [Sexist attitudes and new forms of sexism]. In Barberá Heredia, E., Martínez-Benlloch, I., & Bonilla Campos, A. (Eds.) Psicología y género [Psychology and gender]. (pp. 271–294). Pearson.
• Mudrick, M., Burton, L. J., & Lin, C. (2017). Pervasively offside: An examination of sexism, stereotypes and sportscaster credibility. Communication and Sport, 5(6) 669–688. http://doi.org/10.1177/2167479516670642
• Mujika-Alberdi, A., García-Arrizabalaga, I., & Gibaja-Martins, J. J. (2021). Mujeres deportistas: Poca visibilidad y mucho estereotipo [Sportswomen: low visibility and largely stereotyped]. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 21(3), 269–283. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.465201
• Musto, M., Cooky, C., & Messner, M. A. (2017). “From fizzle to sizzle!” Televised sports news and the production of gender-bland sexism. Gender & Society, 31(5), 573–596. http://doi.org/10.1177/0891243217726056
• Nezlak, J. B., Krohn, W., Wilson, D., & Maruskin, L. (2015). Gender differences in reactions to the sexualization of athletes. The Journal of Social Psychology, 155, 1–11. http://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2014.959883
• Paserman, M. D. (2007). Gender differences in performance in competitive environments: Evidence from professional tennis players. IZA Discussion Paper No. 2834. Institute for the Study of Labor. https://docs.iza.org/dp2834.pdf
• Redacción Multideporte. (2021, April 7). La paridad de género, el gran reto pendiente del deporte español [Gender parity: The great unresolved challenge of Spanish sports]. CMD Sport. https://www.cmdsport.com/multideporte/actualidad-multideporte/la-paridad-genero-gran-reto-pendiente-del-deporte-espanol/
• Rojas-Torrijos, J. L. (2010). La construcción de las noticias deportivas desde una mirada androcéntrica. De la invisibilidad a los estereotipos de la mujer deportista [The construction of sports news from an androcentric point of view. From invisibility to stereotypes of the sportswoman]. Vivat Academia, 113, 122–136. http://doi.org/10.15178/va.2010.113.122-136
• Romero-Sánchez, M., Megías, J. L., & Krahé, B. (2012). The role of alcohol and victim sexual interest in Spanish students’ perceptions of sexual assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(11), 2230–2258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260511432149
• Salido-Fernández, J., & Muñoz-Muñoz, A. M. (2021). Representación mediática de las deportistas en los juegos olímpicos: Una revisión sistemática [Media representation of women athletes at the Olympic games: A systematic review]. Apunts Educación Física y Deportes, 146, 32–41. https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2021/4).146.04
• Sánchez-Hernández, M. D., Herrera-Enríquez, M. C., & Expósito, F. (2020). Controlling behaviors in couple relationships in the digital age: Acceptability of gender violence, sexism, and myths about romantic love. Psychosocial Intervention, 29(2), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2020a1
• Sartore-Baldwin, M. L., & Walker, M. (2011). The process of organizational identity: What are the roles of social responsiveness, organizational image, and identification? Journal of Sport Management, 7, 489–505. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.5.489
• Schoemann, A. M., Boulton, A. J., & Short, S. D. (2017). Determining power and sample size for simple and complex mediation models. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(4), 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617715068
• Shedlosky-Shoemaker, R., Costabile, K. A., DeLuca, H. K., & Arkin, R. M. (2011). The social experience of entertainment media. Journal of Media Psychology, 23, 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000042
• Statista Research Department. (2023). Evolución anual del número de licencias deportivas de la Real Federación Española de Tenis entre 2008 y 2022, por género [Annual evolution of the number of sports licenses of the Royal Spanish Tennis Federation between 2008 and 2022, by gender]. https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/982828/cifra-anual-de-licencias-deportivas-de-la-real-federacion-espanola-de-tenis-por-genero/#:~:text=A%20finales%20de%20septiembre%20de,con%20respecto%20al%20a%C3%B1o%20anterior
• Sylaska, K. M., & Edwards, K. M. (2014). Disclosure of intimate partner violence to informal social support network members: A review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 15(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838013496335
• Tiggemann, M., & Anderberg, I. (2020). Social media is not real: The effect of ‘Instagram vs reality images on women’s social comparison and body image. New Media & Society, 22, 2183–2199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819888720
• Whisenant, W., Lee, D. L., & Dees, W. (2015). Role congruity theory: Perceptions of fairness and sexism in sport management. Public Organization Review, 15, 475–485. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-014-0281-z
• Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 699–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.699