Eficacia de tres programas de acondicionamiento físico general y cuatro semanas de desentrenamiento sobre la composición corporal, la condición física y valores hematológicos en mujeres mayores de 60 años

Resumen

INTRODUCCIÓN Son muchos y variados los estudios que han investigado sobre los beneficios de la práctica de programas de acondicionamiento físico en mujeres mayores de 60 años. Sin embargo, existen formas de interconexión de cargas de entrenamiento no especificadas que podrían mejorar aspectos de la composición corporal, de la condición física y de los valores hematológicos de nuestros mayores. Uno de los aspectos no estudiados es la realización de una sesión extra con el objetivo de desarrollar fuerza y masa muscular realizado en distintos medios (acuático y sala de fitness) sobre un programa de acondicionamiento físico general (multicomponente), que incluye un trabajo de resistencia aeróbica, fuerza, flexibilidad y coordinación dinámica general de 2 sesiones semanales durante 10 semanas de entrenamiento. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio se centra en comparar los efectos de tres programas. CONTENIDO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN El diseño de la investigación es de tipo experimental. La muestra estuvo integrada por 45 mujeres (65,67 ± 4.48 años; 75.3 ± 11.06 kg) de la localidad de Madridejos (Toledo) que fueron divididas en cuatro grupos diferentes (grupo control [GC]; grupo de acondicionamiento físico general [GAFG]; grupo de acondicionamiento físico general más sesión de hipertrofia [GAFGH]; grupo de acondicionamiento físico general más sesión en piscina poco profunda [GAFGP]). Las variables dependientes fueron composición corporal, masa muscular, porcentaje de grasa corporal, potencia de los miembros inferiores (ABK y CMJ), fuerza de miembros superiores (test curl de bíceps), fuerza de miembros inferiores (test stand chair), resistencia aeróbica (6 minutos en la prueba de caminata) y las variables sanguíneas (Colesterol, Colesterol LDL, Colesterol HDL, Nivel de Hematocrito, Hemoglobina, Glucosa basal y Hemoglobina Glicosilada (HbA1c)). Se realizaron cuatro mediciones, un pre-test previo a la aplicación de los programas de entrenamiento y tres post-test (dos días después de haber finalizado el entrenamiento, dos semanas después de haber finalizado el entrenamiento, cuatro semanas después de haber finalizado el entrenamiento). La intervención tuvo una duración de 10 semanas. Los resultados muestran que tras la aplicación de los tres programas de acondicionamiento físico se observaron mejoras significativas en las pruebas que medían la potencia de miembros inferiores en un Abalakov (GAFGH: 19,58%) o en un CMJ (GAFGP: 14,77%), la fuerza de los miembros superiores (GAFGH: 22,01%; GAFGH: 17,12%; GAFG: 13,26%), la fuerza de los miembros inferiores (GAFGH: 10,25%; GAFG: 7,77%) y variables hematológicas como el colesterol LDL (GAFGH: -3,90%), colesterol HDL (GAFG: 5,28%), glucosa basal (GAFGH: -7,73%) y hemoglobina glicosilada (GAFGH: 2,51%; GAFG: 2,20%) . En el GC se observaron pérdidas significativas de masa muscular tras entrenamiento (5,61%) y desentrenamiento (4,92%), incrementos muy significativos de colesterol total (6,69%) y significativo de la Hemoglobina glicosilada (2,92%). Con el desentrenamiento se observaron diferencias significativas entre GC y GAFG en masa muscular (p:0,014); el GAFGH mantuvo e incrementó con respecto al nivel inicial las diferencias significativas en salto Abalakov (p2: 0,001; p3:0,046); en el CMJ por su parte, se observaron diferencias significativas con respecto a los niveles iniciales en los grupos GAFGH y GAFGP, con diferencias significativas entre GAFGP y GC (p:0,013); también se mantuvieron las mejoras e incluso incrementaron en la prueba curl de bíceps con diferencias muy significativas tras 14 semanas entre GAFG y GC (p:0,004) y también diferencias muy significativas entre el GAFGH y GC (p:0,002); en la prueba de resistencia cardiovascular se observaron diferencias muy significativas tras 14 semanas entre GC y GAFG (p:0,000) y entre GC y GAFGH (p:0,009). No hubo mejoras significativas en los datos de composición corporal (peso y porcentaje de grasa) y en ciertos valores hematológicos (hemoglobina y hematocrito), ni diferencias entre los sujetos que habían realizado un programa de acondicionamiento físico (GAFG, GAFGH y GAFGP) y los que no lo habían realizado (GC). No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los tres modelos de acondicionamiento físico propuestos en ninguna de las variables estudiadas. CONCLUSION Los tres programas han conseguido una buena efectividad sobre la condición física de mujeres mayores de 60 años. En referencia a la composición corporal, son pocos los efectos positivos encontrados salvo la retención de la masa muscular respecto al GC. En las variables sanguíneas se observó un buen grado de mejora sobre todo en el GAFGH. 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