¿Es lo bello siempre tan bueno? Influencia del atractivo físico en la percepción social del acoso sexual

  1. Antonio Herrera
  2. M. Carmen Herrera
  3. Francisca Expósito
Revista:
International Journal of Social Psychology, Revista de Psicología Social

ISSN: 0213-4748,  1579-3680

Año de publicación: 2016

Volumen: 31

Número: 2

Páginas: 238-253

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.1080/02134748.2016.1143179 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR

Otras publicaciones en: International Journal of Social Psychology, Revista de Psicología Social

Resumen

La investigación ha mostrado que la percepción sobre el acoso sexual depende de factores tales como el género, el contexto situacional, el tipo de acoso, la ideología del perceptor, el atractivo físico de acosador y víctima, o la relación entre ambos. El presente trabajo se centra en examinar la influencia del atractivo físico en la percepción de una situación como acoso sexual. A través de un cuestionario, 205 participantes leyeron un escenario en el que un trabajador (Atractivo vs. No atractivo) realizaba hacia una compañera (Atractiva vs. No atractiva) un comportamiento de acoso de género. A continuación, contestaban las medidas de percepción de acoso, responsabilidad, motivación e ideológicas. Los principales resultados fueron que la situación se percibe como acoso sexual en mayor medida cuando la acosada se presenta como físicamente atractiva que cuando ésta no es atractiva. Además, cuanta mayor es la aceptación de los mitos hacia el acoso por parte de los participantes, en mayor medida se responsabiliza a la víctima. De este estudio se desprende la importancia de la influencia de ciertos mitos o ideas preconcebidas sobre el acoso sexual, presentes tanto en hombres como en mujeres, en la percepción de tales situaciones

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Agthe, M., Spörrle, M., & Maner, J. K. (2011). Does being attractive always help? Positive and negative effects of attractiveness on social decision making. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1042–1054. doi:10.1177/0146167211410355
  • Angelone, D. J., Mitchell, D., & Carola, K. (2009). Tolerance of sexual harassment: A laboratory paradigm. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 949–958. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9421-2
  • Bargh, J. A., Raymond, P., Pryor, J., & Strack, F. (1995). Attractiveness of the underling: An automatic power sex association and its consequences for sexual harassment and aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 768–781. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.5.768
  • Berdahl, J. L. (2007). Harassment based on sex: Protecting social status in the context of gender hierarchy. Academy of Management Review, 32, 641–658. doi:10.5465/AMR.2007.24351879
  • Brand, R. J., Bonatsos, A., D’Orazio, R., & DeShong, H. (2012). What is beautiful is good, even online: Correlations between photo attractiveness and text attractiveness in men’s online dating profiles. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 166–170. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.023 Campbell, R., Wasco, S. M., Ahrens, C. E., Sefl, T., & Barnes, H. E. (2001). Preventing the “second rape”: Rape survivors’ experiences with community service providers.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 1239–1259. doi:10.1177/088626001016012002
  • Castellow, W. A., Wuensch, K. L., & Moore, C. H. (1990). Effects of physical attractiveness of plaintiff and defendant in sexual harassment judgments. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 16, 39–50.
  • Cleveland, J. N., & Kerst, M. E. (1993). Sexual harassment and perceptions of power: An underarticulated relationship. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 42, 49–67. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1993.1004
  • Cunningham, M. R., Roberts, A. R., Barbee, A. P., Druen, P. B., & Wu, C. H. (1995). Their ideas of beauty are, on the whole, the same as ours: Consistency and variability in the cross-cultural perception of female physical attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 261–279. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.261
  • Diehl, C., Rees, J., & Bohner, G. (2012). Flirting with disaster: Short-term mating orientation and hostile sexism predict different types of sexual harassment. Aggressive Behavior, 38, 521–531. doi:10.1002/ab.21444 Influence of attractiveness on the perception of harassment / Influencia del atractivo en la percepción del acoso 251
  • Eagly, A. H., Ashmore, R. D., Makhijani, M. G., & Longo, L. C. (1991). What is beautiful is good, but…: A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 109–128. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.109
  • Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (E.E.O.C.). (2008). Sexual harassment [on-line]. Retrieved 4 September 2008 from: http://www.eeoc.gov/types/sexual_har assment.html
  • Expósito, F., Herrera, A., Valor-Segura, I., Herrera, M. C., & Lozano, L. M. (2014). Adaptación española de la Escala de Mitos hacia el Acoso Sexual de Illinois. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17, 1–13.
  • Expósito, F., & Moya, M. (2005). Violencia de género. In F. Expósito & M. Moya (Eds.), Aplicando la psicología social (pp. 201–227). Madrid, Spain: Pirámide.
  • Expósito, F., Moya, M., & Glick, P. (1998). Sexismo ambivalente: Medición y correlatos. Revista de Psicología Social, 13, 159–169. doi:10.1174/021347498760350641
  • Fitzgerald, L. F. (1996). Sexual harassment: The definition and measurement of a construct. In M. Paludi (Ed.), Sexual harassment on college campuses: Abusing the Ivory power (pp. 25–48). Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
  • Fitzgerald, L. F., Drasgow, F., Hulin, C. L., Gelfand, M. J., & Magley, V. J. (1997). Antecedents and consequences of sexual harassment in organizations: A test of an integrated model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 578–589. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.4.578
  • Freeman, J. (2011). Women in the workplace: Wages, respect, and equal rights. New York, NY: Rosen Publishing Group.
  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491–512. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491
  • Golden, J. H., Johnson, C. A., & Lopez, R. A. (2002). Sexual harassment in the workplace: Exploring the effects of attractiveness on perception of harassment. Sex Roles, 45, 767–784. doi:10.1023/A:1015688303023
  • Herrera, A., Pina, A., Herrera, M. C., & Expósito, F. (2014). ¿Mito o realidad? Influencia de la ideología en la percepción social del acoso sexual. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 24, 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.apj.2014.07.002
  • Herrera, A., Valor-Segura, I., & Expósito, F. (2012). Is miss sympathy a credible defendant alleging intimate partner violence in a trial for murder? The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 4, 99–196.
  • Herrera, M. C., Herrera, A., & Expósito, F. (2014). Stop Harassment! Men’s reactions to victims’ confrontation. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 6, 45–52. doi:10.1016/j.ejpal.2014.06.006
  • Hersch, J. (2011). Compensating differentials for sexual harassment. American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 101, 630–634. doi:10.1257/aer.101.3.630
  • Instituto de la Mujer. (2009). Violencia sexual y tráfico de seres humanos. Retrieved from: http://www.inmujer.es/estadisticas/consulta.do?metodo=buscar
  • Johnston, V. S., & Franklin, M. (1993). Is beauty in the eye of the beholder? Ethology and Sociobiology, 14, 183–199. doi:10.1016/0162-3095(93)90005-3
  • Lemay, E. P., Clark, M. S., & Greenberg, A. (2010). What is beautiful is good because what is beautiful is desired: Physical attractiveness stereotyping as projection of interpersonal goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 339–353. doi:10.1177/0146167209359700
  • Leskinen, E. A., Cortina, L. M., & Kabat, D. B. (2011). Gender harassment: Broadening our understanding of sex-based harassment at work. Law and Human Behavior, 35, 25–39. doi:10.1007/s10979-010-9241-5 252 A. Herrera et al.
  • Lonsway, K. A., Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2008). Sexual harassment mythology: Definition, conceptualization, and measurement. Sex Roles, 58, 599–615. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9367-1
  • Lonsway, K. A., Paynich, R., & Hall, J. N. (2013). Sexual harassment in law enforcement: incidence, impact, and perception. Police Quarterly, 16, 177–210. doi:10.1177/1098611113475630
  • Moore, F. R., Filippou, D., & Perrett, D. I. (2011). Intelligence and attractiveness in the face: Beyond the attractiveness halo effect. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 9, 205–217. doi:10.1556/jep.9.2011.3.2
  • Popovich, P., Gehaulf, D., Jelton, J., Everton, W., Godinho, R., Mastrangelo, P., & Somers, J. (1996). Physical attractiveness and sexual harassment: Does every picture tell a story or every story draw a picture? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 520–542. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb02729.x
  • Pryor, J. B., & Day, J. D. (1988). Interpretations of sexual harassment: An attributional analysis. Sex Roles, 18(7–8), 405–417. doi:10.1007/BF00288392
  • Russell, B. L., & Trigg, K. Y. (2004). Tolerance of sexual harassment: An examination of gender differences, ambivalent sexism, social dominance, and gender roles. Sex Roles, 50, 565–573. doi:10.1023/B:SERS.0000023075.32252.fd
  • Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., Salman, S., & Turgut, S. (2010). Predictors of Turkish women’s and men’s attitudes toward sexual harassment: Ambivalent sexism, and ambivalence toward men. Sex Roles, 63, 871–881. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9847-6
  • Samuels, H. (2003). Sexual harassment in the workplace: A feminist analysis of recent developments in the UK. Women’s Studies International Forum, 26, 467–482. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2003.08.004
  • Sheppard, L. D., Goffin, R. D., Lewis, R. J., & Olson, J. (2011). The effect of target attractiveness and rating method on the accuracy of trait ratings. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 10, 24–33. doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000030
  • Sibley, C. G., & Wilson, M. S. (2005). Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes toward positive and negative sexual female subtypes. Sex Roles, 51, 687– 696. doi:10.1007/s11199-004-0718-x
  • Sigall, H., & Ostrove, N. (1975). Beautiful but dangerous: Effects of offender attractiveness and nature of the crime on juridic judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 410–414. doi:10.1037/h0076472
  • Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhardt (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1982 (pp. 290– 312). Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.
  • Topa, G., Morales, J. F., & Depolo, M. (2008). Perceived sexual harassment at work: Meta analysis and structural model of antecedents and consequences. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11, 207–218. doi:10.1017/S113874160000425X
  • Wiener, R. L., Reiter-Palmon, R., Winter, R. J., Richter, E., Humke, A., & Maeder, E. (2010). Complainant behavioral tone, ambivalent sexism, and perceptions of sexual harassment. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 16, 56–84. doi:10.1037/a0018434
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet